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Sociology (Family & Households) > Conjugal Roles > Flashcards

Conjugal Roles Flashcards

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1
Q

What are conjugal roles?

+ what does Parsons believe about roles?

A

Roles played by adults within a relationship

+ women’s role is expressive and men’s role is instrumental

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2
Q

What does Oakley believe about the role of the housewife?

+ what do others believe about this?

A

It has been socially constructed during the Industrial Revolution. Due to married women often not being allowed to work in factories and also child labour restricted.

+ developed in 1950s after women forced to go home after WW2, encouraged by media

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3
Q

What do some Sociologists suggest about characteristics of housework?

A

Oakley- non-paid work, isolating and makes women economically dependent on men
- more monotonous than assembly line

Hobson- no separation from work and home life

Martin- means of power for women

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4
Q

How does Bott suggest household jobs can be shared?

+ what is Wilmott & Young’s ‘symmetrical family’? (What research method did they use?)

A

Segregated or Joint

+ argued there has been movement towards greater power sharing and equality
(Structured interviews)

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5
Q

What did Wilmott & Young say the 4 stages of the family are?

A

1) Pre-Industrial Family
(extended family live and work together)

2) Early- Industrial Family
(men go to work, women stay in the home)

3) Symmetrical Family
(modern nuclear family, men & women perform equal roles)

4) Asymmetrical Family
(men spending more leisure time apart from the family)

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6
Q

What did Wilmott & Young say some of the reasons were for the increased symmetry on relationships?

A
  • more working wives
  • changes in the status of women
  • move from extended to nuclear
  • more household appliances
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7
Q

What study was conducted by Oakley?

What did she find & conclude?

A

Unstructured interviews with 40 mothers in London

  • 76% of employed and 93% of non-employed women were housewives
  • W & Y’s claims were incorrect
  • women face a dual burden (paid work & housework)
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8
Q

How was Oakley’s study of Conjugal Roles criticised?

A
  • Out of date
  • Not representative of our society
  • Not valid or reliable
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9
Q

What study was conducted by Marsden and Duncombe?

+ what did they find & conclude?

A

40 white couples in one locality who’d been married for 15 years

+ women do the emotional running
+ men prioritized work and failed to take emotional responsibility
+ men wanted the ‘picture of marriage and domesticity’ but didn’t want to do emotional work
(women are faced with a triple shift)

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10
Q

What did Glenn Sacks believe about Conjugal Roles?

( what was his evidence?)

A

Men and women have equally shared the housework for over 40 years

(A survey conducted by the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research)

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11
Q

What did Arlie Hochschild say about Conjugal Roles in her book (Second Shift)?

+ How were both her book and the ISR survey criticised?

A

“second shift woman and shiftless man”

+ ignores contributions of men who do physically demanding and dangerous work

+ SS compared housework contributions of full-time employed males with part-time employed females

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12
Q

What did Bott find when studying social class in relation to Conjugal Roles?

A
  • working class have more segregated Conjugal Roles and the middle class have more joint conjugal roles
  • those with close-knit friendship networks more likely to have segregated roles
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13
Q

What has been found via studies about Conjugal Roles in working class households?

A
  • working class mining community showed segregated roles (Dennis)
  • privatisation of the family has led to a more ‘symmetrical relationship’s (Y&W)
  • W.C men more home-centred (Gavron)
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14
Q

What has been found via studies about Conjugal Roles in middle class households?

A
  • M.C dual-career families have more symmetry (Rapoport & Rapoport)
  • U.C families had less symmetry as wives would complete housework in exchange for high standard of living via husband’s wage
    (Y&W)
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15
Q

What has been found via studies about conjugal roles when women are in paid employment?

+ and when men are unemployed?

A

Women’s housework only reduced slightly if they worked (dual-burden) -(Martin & Roberts)

+ men often don’t do housework if unemployed as it emasculates them (McKee & Bell)
+ M.C husbands most likely to do the most housework but those who disapproved of their wife working did less (Leighton)

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16
Q

What are limitations of many of the studies about social class & conjugal roles?

A
  • very old
  • measuring housework is affected by the tasks chosen
  • reliant on the researcher’s own perceptions
17
Q

What did Edgell discover about who dominated decision making in middle class couples?

+ what is the main explanation for this?

A
  • wives dominated decisions about decorating & domestic spending
  • husbands dominated decisions about moving house, finance & the car
  • husbands set agenda for Marital debate

+ socialisation and patriarchal ideology have dictated for so long that men are decision making

18
Q

Which 3 ways did Pahl argue are how the ‘family wage’ is distributed?

+ how is this flawed/what may be missing?

A

1) husbands hand over wage packet and wife gives him ‘pocket money’
2) husband keeps wage packet and gives wife ‘house-keeping’
3) resources pooled and spending decisions made jointly

+ people having individual accounts

19
Q

Historically, why did most women not control the ‘family wage’?

A
  • they felt they weren’t entitled as it was usually brought in by the husband
  • wife’s earning were &still often seen as a supplement to basic male income with which to buy luxuries
20
Q

What did Graham and Pahl argue about divorced women?

+ what did Pahl argue male control over financial resources leads to?

A

They are often better off on state benefits as they had more control over their financial resources

+ them having a great deal of power making it difficult for a wife to leave her husband

21
Q

What did DeVault discover in his study about emotional work within the family?

+ What did Mansfield and Collard’s study of newly-wed couples suggest about emotional work?

A
  • huge amounts of invisible work goes on in the home
  • women find it difficult to relax during meal times and have to make sure all members enjoy their meal

+ men and women have different needs
+ women disappointed by men’s lack of response to emotion
+ wives valued intimacy based on emotional openness but husbands valued sex
+ men spent less time at home after childbirth

22
Q

Giddens’ perspective on emotional work

+ Feminist perspective on emotional work

A

late modernity means more women are seeking a ‘haven in a heartless world’ through greater emotional intimacy w men

+ women are socialised into an emotional roles of mother and career whilst men are socialised into rationality

23
Q

What are the limitations of studies relating to emotional work, decision making & control of money?

A

+ many conducted 20-30 years ago
+ decision making and control of money may vary by social class
+ many men may not be willing to admit to emotion work (may be emasculating)

24
Q

Key statistics on Domestic Violence

A
  • 1 in 4 women experience DV in their lifetime
  • 2 women killed each week by a current or former partner
  • on av, woman assaulted 35 times before first call to police
  • 50% of known DV cases, children were also directly abused
  • call to police every minute
  • 30% of DV starts or will intensify during pregnancy
25
Q

How many children are victims of domestic violence in the US?

+ Statistic about DV for women in the US?

A

15 million
+ 1/3 American women experience DV/stalking in their lifetime

26
Q

What are the phases of domestic violence?

+ what are some reasons for DV victims not leaving relationships with their abuser?

A
  • seduce and charm victim
  • isolate victim
  • threaten victim with violence
  • use violence

+ dangerous (risk of death or life-long stalking)
+ financial restriction/abuse
+ woman/children may be terroriser (forced to spend time w father by courts)

27
Q

1) Radical Feminist view on domestic violence

2) Marxist feminist view on domestic violence

3) New Right view on domestic violence

A

1) (Dobash and Dobash) result of patriarchal family system. Extension of control for husband. Devalues and dehumanises victim.

2) (Ansley) women absorb anger of men from capitalist work system. Powerless and poorer more likely to be abused.

3) result of decline in moral standards and family values

28
Q

What did Pahl’s study link domestic violence towards women to?

+ what is also linked to wife beating?

(when was rape in marriage criminalised?)

A

Alcohol

+ England football games

(1991)

Sociology (Family & Households) (4 decks)

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