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Sociology 1121 > Family > Flashcards

Family Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Family

A

A social institution in all societies that unites people in co-operative groups to care for one another including children.

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2
Q

Marriage

A

A legal relationship involving economic co-operation, sexual activity and child-bearing.

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3
Q

Extended Family

A

Consists of parents, children and other kin; sometimes known as consanguine family. It is prevalent in pre-industrial society.

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4
Q

Nuclear family

A

Composed of one or two parents and the children; is known as conjugal family. It occurred with industrialization, increased social mobility. Geographic migration gave rise.

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5
Q

Marriage patterns

A

Culture norms and sometimes laws indenting people as suitable or unsuitable.

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6
Q

Endogamy

A

Marriage between people of the same category.

Advantage: people of similar standing pass it to offspring.

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7
Q

Exogamy

A

Marriage between people of different social categories.

Advantage: links communities, encourages alliances and spread of culture.

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8
Q

Monogamy

A

A marriage that unites two partners. Common in high-income countries.

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9
Q

Polygamy

A

A marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses. Common in Africa and South Asia.
Two types: polygyny and polyandry

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10
Q

Polygyny

A

Most common form of polygamy. It unites one man with two or more women.

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11
Q

Polyandry

A

Unites one women with two or more men. Is rare; only found in Tibet to discourage division because agriculture is difficult.

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12
Q

Residential patterns

A

Society dictates where we live.

Three types: patrilocality, matrilocality and neolocatity

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13
Q

Patrilocality

A

Is the most common residential pattern. The couple lives near or with the husband’s family. Is frequent in societies with warfare.

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14
Q

Matrilocality

A

The couple lives near or with wife’s family. Often found in the Six Nations.

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15
Q

Neolocality

A

The couple lives apart from both sets of parents. Common in industrial society.

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16
Q

Descent

A

The system through which members trace kinship over generations.

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17
Q

Patrilineal descent

A

Is the most common. This system traces kinship through men. Children are related to fathers and fathers pass property to sons. Occurs in pastoral and agrarian societies.

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18
Q

Matrilineal descent

A

System of tracing kinship through women. Mothers pass property through daughters. Is frequent in horticultural societies.

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19
Q

Bilateral kinship

A

Descent is traced through men and women. Is recognized in industrial societies with gender equality.

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20
Q

Patterns of authority

A

Polygyny, patrilocality and patrilineal descent reflect patriarchy. In industrial society there are egalitarian patterns.

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21
Q

Structural-functional analysis

A

The family is the backbone of society because it performs vital tasks.

  1. Socialization: first important setting for raising children.
  2. Regulation of Sexual activity: incest taboo
  3. Social placement: maintains social organization
  4. Material and emotional security: offers physical protection, emotional support and finance
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22
Q

Social-Conflict and Feminist Analysis

A

The family is central but also perpetuates inequality.

  1. Property and inheritance: traced to men’s needs to pass property to sons.
  2. Patriarchy: control of women’s sexuality to know their heirs making them sexual and economic property of men.
  3. Race and Ethnicity: hierarchy persists because people marry like themselves
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23
Q

Symbolic-Interaction Analysis

A

The family offers opportunities for intimacy. When children reach adulthood, ties open up to include sharing of confidences.

24
Q

Social-Exchange Analysis

A

Courtship and marriage are forms of negotiations. People asses pros and cons of potential spouses. They shop around and find the best deal.

25
Q

Courtship

A

Is the first stage of family life.
Arranged marriage is common on low and middle income countries in exchange for wealth and favours. This tradition erodes with industrialization.
Romantic love has affection and sexual passion as the basis. This emphasis motivates people to leave and form new families often with people of the race, age and social class.

26
Q

Settling in

A

The ideal is the young couple in an endless honeymoon.
In reality, it involves fantasy which leads to disappointment. Sex becomes less-than all consuming and infidelity occurs.

27
Q

Child Rearing

A

Families include at least one child. In pre-industrial societies, large families were the norm because few children grew to adulthood and there was no reliable birth control. Now, children are expensive leading to a decrease in family size. The economic realities include pursuing a career, more children spend time at school and daycare and an increase of latchkey kids.

28
Q

Family in later life

A

Despite divorce, an increased life expectancy led to increase of years in marriage. Parents continue contact with children by helping raise grandchildren or residence with grown children because of termination of job/relationship, schooling and financial considerations. Some raise their own grandchildren and are the first line of defence. They may care for aging parents. The death of a spouse is the most difficult.

29
Q

Social class

A

Determines security and range of opportunities. Working class women want a husband with a steady job who is not an alcoholic and isn’t violent. Middle class women assume the husband provide a safe environment and instead want someone to share feelings and experiences with.

30
Q

Aboriginal families

A

Are the most economically deprived. After the children attended residential schools, values eroded, respect for elders decreased, care from extended family decreased, children fail to learn parenting skills. The lack of recognition for extended families cause children to be taken away from parents who couldn’t care for them because of poverty, unemployment and alcohol abuse and were placed in non-Aboriginal homes.

31
Q

Racial and ethnic minorities

A

Bring a wider variety of family patterns including religion, various parenting styles, guidelines for courtship and marriage, rules in dating, and emphasis on family as opposed to individualism

32
Q

Racial and ethnic minorities and intergenerational conflict

A

Children challenge cultural beliefs. They want to participate in party and dating scenes. They feel communities are strict. The parents push endogamy.

33
Q

Mixed marriage

A

During the past century, ethnicity matters less. The number is expected to increase.

34
Q

Gender and marriage

A

Men are expected to earn more and be taller. The notion is that men are breadwinners and women are housewives. Stereotypes of lonely spinster and carefree bachelor. According to objective evidence, marriage women have poor mental health, less happiness than single women and are more passive. Married men are happier, live longer and have better mental health.

35
Q

Divorce

A

Our society supports marriage. There was a nine-fold increase between 1968 and 1988. The United States have the highest rates.

36
Q

Factors of divorce

A
  1. Individualism on the rise: members spend less time together and are concerned with personal happiness and earning income
  2. Romantic love fades: relationships fail as passion fades; marriages end to find new excitement
  3. Women are less dependent on men: increased participation in labour force made it easier to leave
  4. Most marriages are stressful: when both people work outside the home, there is less time and energy for family
  5. Divorce is socially acceptable: it no longer caries a powerful stigma; friends and family are less likely to discourage
  6. Legally, it is easier to get: the Divorce Act was rewritten to make “marriage breakdown” the only reason
37
Q

Who divorces?

A

Young couples from brief courtship who lack money and emotional maturity.
Marriage after unexpected pregnancy.
When one or both people use drugs or alcohol.
People from divorced parents.
People who aren’t religious.
Both partners have successful careers.
People who were already divorced.

38
Q

Divorce and children

A

The well-being of children depends on father making child-support payments. The children are also torn from their surroundings, entangled in feuding, blame themselves for the divorce. They experience emotional and behavioural issues, risk dropping out of school and trouble with the law.

39
Q

Family violence

A

Emotional, physical or sexual abuse of one family member by another.

40
Q

Violence against women (family)

A

Is perpetuated by men of all classes. It is higher in same-sex couples because gays, lesbians and bisexuals are more likely to report. Traditionally, women stayed because they had few options with nowhere to go, they thought they can change their husbands and it was seen as part of life.

41
Q

Violence against children

A

As children start going to school, siblings and peers are also perpetrators. It entails more than physical injury. It undermines emotional well-being and children suffer in silence. It is common in low income areas with poverty and violence. Children are missing from their homes because of abuse and neglect.

42
Q

Elder abuse

A

Caring for aging parents costs in terms of time and money. Elders are vulnerable because of failing mental and physical abilities.

43
Q

One parent families

A

The portion is growing. They are most likely headed by women. Causes include divorce/desertion, inability to find a suitable partner, unplanned pregnancy and death of a partner. Can increase risk for poverty but also cause poverty. Children start poorer, get less schooling, have low income as adults and are more likely to become single parents.

44
Q

Cohabitation

A

The sharing of a household by unmarried couples. Increased from 1981 to 2001 and decreased from 2001 to 2006. The reasons include more unions involve marriage and more people choose to marry after cohabitation.

45
Q

Gay and lesbian couples

A

When they became legally and socially acceptable, they gained equal advantages. Some may have children from previous heterosexual unions while others adopt or use reproductive technology. They challenge family norms but also value family as much as heterosexuals.

46
Q

Singlehood

A

Increased in young women. They are delaying marriage because they go to college, university and grad school; they participate in the labour force and establish careers. Some choose to forgo marriage and motherhood. Out of all cohorts, younger people are less likely to marry.

47
Q

Norman Rockwell

A

Painted “normal” families

48
Q

Exclusive Model of Family

A

Heterosexual nuclear family, the “golden standard” and “ideal”, children after marriage, adoption possible (kids needed), “prototypical family”

49
Q

Function of Family (Exclusive Model)

A

Family is for society; a) to have kids; b) long term commitment to raising kids; c) to socialize them to function and contribute to society

50
Q

Evaluation (Exclusive Model)

A

All about morality (good vs. Bad); this model is good and right; only form of family there should be; right, natural and normal: Dan Quayle vs. Murphy Brown; those that don’t conform are abnormal, wrong, suspect, threatening and suspicious

51
Q

Interpretation (Exclusive Model)

A

Do those in power buy into these ideas? Does society? Depends on where you are; American conservative trend (2004 no gay marriage in 11 states); 2005 gay marriage legalized in Canada

52
Q

Practice (Exclusive Model)

A

Political practice of family, family as political practice; 400 state benefits of marriage and 1000 federal benefits (economic and legal )

53
Q

Membership (Inclusive Model of Family)

A

Group of people (could be exclusive model) or any other human or non-human animal

54
Q

Function (Inclusive Model)

A

A) to have kids, raise kids, socialize kids (for good of society) B) to commit to each other long term C) emotional support D) to help each other
E) to love each other

55
Q

Evaluation (Inclusive Model)

A

Many “good models of family”, many forms are right, normal and natural; no notion of “suspect” “deviant” or “inferior” (only if functions not being met)

56
Q

Interpretation (Inclusive Model)

A

Do people in wider society buy into these ideas? Do those in power? 2008 USA 51 percent in favoue of banning gay marriage (banned in 4 states) 2005 canada approved gay marriage but strong opposition (fought in courtrooms and in the streets; Harper promised to revisit vote and he did and gay marriage won more votes

57
Q

Practice (Inclusive Model)

A

“Parent” changing legal definition of parent - sought to change from exclusive to inclusive (more rights); traditional legal parents (biological mother and father) but lesbian partner also got equal rights

Sociology 1121 (5 decks)

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