Family Flashcards

Question

Pahl and Vogler - Money

Answer 1

argue that traditionally segregated conjugal roles would have operated an allowance system in which the husband would provide his wife with a set amount of money to but necessities. However couples now a days opt for a pooling system to share responsibilities for household bills 'Co-independance' growing in younger couples as they manage own finances for personal spending but have a joint account, they say this shows that couples are now more equal as money equals power EVA - Smart argues that Homosexual couples attach no importance to who controls the money as they didnt see it as a sign of power of inequality, this suggests that control of money isnt as important as Pahl and Vogler suggest and is more to do with the stereotypical masc role of being the breadwinner

Answer 2

Less important decisions were made by women, semi important being jointly decided and Very important decisions made by men. Dound that important factor in decision making in income, as men traditionally earn more they had more power but that is changing with women getting more input EVA - Recent Studies highlight that even if the women earns more money they may still let the women decided as to not threaten their masculitity

Answer 3

The continued existence of domestic abuse and violence is a strong argument against equality for couples today 1/4 women will experience domestic abuse and women experience on average 35 instances of DA before reporting it They argue that violence is used to oppress and control women and marriage is used to legitimise Domestic violence. They found evidence taht many incidents were cause by women appearing to challenge the mans authority this suggests an unequal relationship where men see themselves as dominate Particularly true from the lower social classes who are more stressed due to financial problems. They argue that this is tolerated and reinforced in society e.g. police saw domestic violence as a private issue rather than criminal EVA - Criticised for ignoring the amount of female on male violence that is largely invisible in society. some estimates put it at 1/6 men

Answer 4

Focus on pursing careers and financial independence. Sharpe - girls in 70s focussed on love, marriage and husbands whereas in 90s focussed on careers and financial independence evidencing the change in attitudes Equal pay act and sex discrimination act in the 70s have made made it more worthwhile to pursue careers Means they are more likely to have when older and in a established career reducing the amount of children they can have before not capable any longer This also means that they may not have children at all

Answer 5

Giddens - the structures that used to control peoples lives have died, this has given rise to individualisation which means that people prioritise what's best for them, this means people choosing to have less children or non at all Traditionally there would be a stigma to not have children and pressure people to have many but this stigma has declined people now feel free to choose whatever is best for themselves and children can be hard work, expensive and time consuming

Answer 6

1901 - 15% of children died before age 1 therefore people had more children as a backup Significant medical advances have meant the infant mortality rate has dropped massively. people will now have less children as they're are more likely to survive

Answer 7

Mckeown - 20th century brought a huge improvement to living standards, The development of clean water system and public sewer system eradicated many diseases Increased wages have led to being able to afford better housing and more nutritious food. Beveridge report 1942 - Welfare system, benefits and later the NHS

Answer 8

People are more aware of being healthy and unhealthy e.g. Smoking, and drugs used to be thought as good for your health Harper - argues greatest fall in death rates comes from reduction in smoking rates Things like the sugar tax and bans on advertising unhealthy foods reinforce messages about healthy lifestyles

Answer 9

Increased transport tech means people can lead healthier lifestyles Nutritious food can now be imported all year round and more varied diet We now also have tech like freezers that allow us to safely preserve foods for much longer

Answer 10

Hakim - voluntary childlessness has given women more freedom to focus on careers and achieving financial independence therefore they are more likely to be equal in relationships and have a greater opportunity to leave relationships

Answer 11

Brannen - reduced births and deaths have led to a new type of family - the Beanpole family which have very few members for each generation but many generations alive at the same time thus tall and thin like a beanpole. This has significance in relation to the ageing population discussed below but can also be linked to family diversity as it is a type of modified extended family

Answer 12

Most significant impact on society. Hirsh - The traditional age pyramid is being replaced by an age square where there is roughly the same number of people in each age category

Answer 13

Increased role of grandparents in the Family - Ross et al claims that grandparents relations with their grandkids is becoming more significant and they are able to provide free childcare for the kids - Also part of primary socialisation, allows both parents to work more increasing material resources and living standard and increases amount being paid into taxes Positive ageing and Grey Pound - Blaikie - third age of life with leisure based retirement where old people spend their money. Known as positive ageing as retirement is longer and more fulfilling with industries catered towards them. Disposable income is spent on this is called the Grey pound and is a significant boost to the economy Community Cohesion - Over 65s are more lively to volunteer for charity work which benefits are hard to quantify plus they are far less likely to commit crime

Answer 14

Dependency ratio - The dependents are becoming a larger ratio of society putting pressure on government and therefore the working population has to work longer and taxed more - called the pension timebomb Healthcare and NHS - oldest 20% of pop accounted for 50% of those in hospital and 60% if the prescriptions in 2013. With rising cost of healthcare more and more people are caring for relatives at home Sandwich generation - of mainly women who look after children and relatives at the same time - Dual burden and Triple shift Housing Shortages - Old people say in larger houses for longer it pushes up costs as demands rise therefore young people struggle to afford housing. This creates a clipped wing generation of young people who cant afford their own house Policy implications - With the Pension timebomb growing there are a couple ways this can be dealt with - Increase Taxes, increase retirement age - expected to go up to 68 in 2044

Answer 15

Secularisation - process of religion losing power and influence. Society is more secularised than ever. Divorce and premarital sex is a sin so people were far less likely to divorce or cohabit. People no longer feel as influenced by religion and therefore are more likely to make these decisions This is shown in the increase of civil marriage

Answer 16

Feminist movement has contributed to the changes in marriages and divorces in a range of ways - The increasing Financial independence of women has allowed to women to leave unhappy relationships and increase amount of divorces Another way is the expectation of marriage - women now expect more from marriage no longer just being a housewife for the husband - Roughly two thirds of divorces are filed by women evidencing that women expect more from their partners

Answer 17

Says that in current day childhood and adulthood are two separate life stages where children are physically and psychologically immature so need to be nurtured and protected, Says that childhood is a golden age where you have most leisure time and least responsibility Also argues the innocence of children means they have to be protected from the outside world this means they spend all their time in family or education spheres Everything is now child centred and there is a range of services and goods developed for kids as well as laws to protect them from harm EVA - criticised for overemphasising the separateness of childhood. There are many areas of life where the two stages blur particularly products and activities e.g. gaming and superhero movies

Answer 18

Argues that childhood is a social construct and its not biological evidenced by the fact different societies treat childhood differently and even in the same societies but over time the view changes

Answer 19

International Labour Org - estimates 1/7 children in the world now have to work. Some of whom were child soldiers Punch - Studied childhood in Bolivia where children were expected to work in the home and local community from age 5 Malinowski - found that children's sexual exploration was treated with tolerance and amusement by the community These all reinforce the idea that it is social construct

Answer 20

Argued childhood in the middle ages didn't exist, as soon as physically capable they were mini adults evidence came from looking at paintings from the time period and arguing that the children were portrayed the same way as adults with the same rights, duties, dress and activities. So he said that there was no special treatment for children therefore no childhood until 1800s He also argues due to a 'cult of childhood' has emerged due to legal and cultural progress EVA - criticised for his use of paintings as its an subjective interpretation of what the paintings may show but also that paintings were mostly for the ruling class who could afford such a thing and this leads to a sampling bias

Answer 21

Believes that parents aren't properly raising their children e.g. fast food and using screens as a entertainment. The increase in tech has impacted children's development as they become attached to their tech 'iPad kids' Argues parents have less time now so use tech as a replacement for parenting Argues that this creates a toxic generation where a negative cycle is formed as this generation will have children and not know how to raise them properly EVA - Evidence that tech is helping children develop, with apps that helping with learning to read, write and maths

Answer 22

Argues that the way parents protect children isn't making childhood better but oppressing them. Says there is an age patriarchy where children are controlled, the laws protecting children from paid work force them to be dependent on adults EVA - Humphreys et al supports Gittens by finding out that 25% of women left their abusive partner out of fear of their child's life clearly showing the abuse of adults However Cunningham argues children having control over their own money undermines parental authority. Children spend over 4bil a year reducing their dependency on adults and showing that children have more power within the family then Gittens allows

Answer 23

Argues that the distinction between adults and children is disappearing due to the rise of new media before this in the 19th century + mass literacy occurred and this caused an information hierarchy where you had to learn how to read to access adult info however these days there is no restriction on the ability to access this info therefore childhood is disappearing altogether EVA - over emphasising the role of TV and ignores other factors like rising living standards or changes in law