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Family Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a household

A

someone living alone or a group of people living together

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2
Q

what is polygamy

A

more than 1 wife

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3
Q

what is polyandry

A

having more than 1 husband

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4
Q

what is a vertically extended family

A

spanning generations of family

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5
Q

what is a horizontally extended family

A

spanning relatives in the same generation

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6
Q

what did Edholm argue about families

A

they are not natural but socially constructed

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7
Q

what did Edholm conclude about families

A

they are not universal, it is really a social unit shaped by social norms

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8
Q

what is a norm

A

social expectation or rules about how people should behave

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9
Q

what is cohabitation

A

living together as a partnership without marriage

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10
Q

what is reconstituted family

A

a family in which one or both partner bring children from a previous relationship

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11
Q

what do functionalists argue about society

A

it is based on value consensus

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12
Q

what is value consensus

A

a set of shared norms and values which allows individuals to cooperate harmoniously

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13
Q

what do functionalists say society is made up of

A

parts that depend on each other

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14
Q

what does murdock argue about family

A

it performs 4 essential functions to meet the needs of society

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15
Q

what are murdock’s 4 essential functions

A

stable satisfaction of sex drive, reproduction, meet economic needs of members, socialisation

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16
Q

what is socialisation

A

the process of learning the culture, norms and values of society

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17
Q

what is a criticism of Murdock

A

the functions could be performed equally through other institutions or a non-nuclear family

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18
Q

What do feminists argue about the functionalist view on family

A

serves needs of men

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19
Q

what do Marxists argue about the functionalist view on family

A

it meets the needs of capitalism, not the family members of society

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20
Q

what does parsons argue about the family structure

A

there is nuclear and extended families

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21
Q

What does parsons say about the nuclear family

A

it fits the needs of industrial society and is the dominant family type in that society

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22
Q

what does parsons say about the extended family

A

it fits the needs of pre-industrial society

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23
Q

what are the 2 needs of industrial society

A

socially mobile work force, geographically mobile workforce

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24
Q

what does parsons argue about the nuclear family

A

it is better equipped than the extended family to meet the needs of industrial society

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25
Q

what does parsons argue happens to society when it industrialises

A

the family not only changes structure but it also loses some functions

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26
Q

what are the 2 irreducible functions

A

primary socialisation, stabilisation of adult personalities

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27
Q

what 2 ways do families help stabilise personalities

A

marital partners provide emotional supports, as parents they are able to indulge in their childish side

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28
Q

Name 5 criticisms of the functionalist view on family

A

idealises family, ignores conflict, ignores gender inequalities, ignores rising divorce rate, ignores growing family diversity

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29
Q

what do marxists argue about the modern nuclear family

A

it is concerned with social control and teach its members to agree with the capitalist system and class divisions

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30
Q

what 3 marxist perspectives show how family feeds capitalism

A

inheritance of property, ideological function of the family, the family is a unit of consumption

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31
Q

what do marxists believe about the inheritance of property

A

The monogamous nuclear family was developed as a way of ensuring that private property is passed onto their heir.

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32
Q

what do marxists believe about ideological functions

A

the family as an institution promotes the idea of capitalism as a just and fair system

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33
Q

what did zaretsky argue about the family

A

it performs and ideological function by offering a ‘haven’, an escape route from exploitation and oppression, at work they are valued as individuals

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34
Q

For zaretsky what does the release of daily oppression from work do

A

undermine any opposition to capitalsim

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35
Q

what is the marxist view of the family as a unit of consumption

A

capitalism makes a profit by selling products of a labour force for more that it pays them to product

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36
Q

what are the strengths of the marxist argument on how family feeds capitalism

A

it shows how capitalism ensures patriarchal control of women and only when capitalism is removed women will achieve liberation

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37
Q

what are the criticisms of the marxist argument on how family feeds capitalism

A

ignores the fact that the nuclear family is not the only type of family in society, they ignore the real benefits of the family as an institution according to functionalists

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38
Q

What do Marxists argue about the modern nuclear family

A

it is concerned with social control by teaching its members to agree with the capitalist system and class divisions

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39
Q

accord to marxists what is family based on

A

unequal relationships and this helps to squash any that society is also unequal

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40
Q

What do feminists argue about families

A

men benefit from families at the expense of women, both in their personal experience and broadly because the family sustain patriarchy is society

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41
Q

What are liberal feminists concerned with

A

campaigning against sex discrimination and for equal rights and opportunities for women

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42
Q

what 2 things do liberal feminists argue

A

women’s oppression is being gradually overcome, we are moving towards greater equality but that full equality depends on further reforms

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43
Q

what have studies shown about the modern household

A

men are doing more domestic labour and parents are socialising their sons and daughters equally

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44
Q

Why do liberal feminists not see men as the enemy

A

they believe that the changes will benefit both mean and women

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45
Q

what do Marxist feminists argue

A

the main cause of women’s oppression in the family is not men but capitalism

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46
Q

According to marxist feminists, what 3 functions does oppression perform for capitalism

A

women reproduce the labour force, women absorb anger, women are a reserve army of cheap labour

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47
Q

what did Fran Ansley say women are

A

‘Takers of shit’

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48
Q

What does the oppression of women link to for marxists

A

the exploitation of the working class

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49
Q

What do radical feminists argue

A

all societies have been founded by patriarch

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50
Q

Who do radical feminists see the enemy as

A

men

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51
Q

What do radical feminists believe about family and marriage

A

they are key institutions in patriarchal society

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52
Q

How do radical feminists believe oppression can be overturned

A

abolish family as it is the root of the patriarchal system

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53
Q

how do radical feminists believe family can be abolished

A

separatism

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54
Q

what do difference feminists argue

A

we cannot generalise about women’s experiences as if they are from a conventional nuclear family

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55
Q

what is a strength of liberal feminism

A

sucessful campaigns

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56
Q

what is a weakness liberal feminsm

A

ignores the point that some women choose their expressive role and part time/flexible work

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57
Q

what is a strength of marxist feminism

A

backs up marxist ideas of the family by recognising how the family serves capitalism

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58
Q

what is a weakness of marxist feminism

A

based on traditional ideas of the nuclear family

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59
Q

what is a strength of radical feminism

A

patriarchy is the cause of female exploitation want the idea of matriarchy

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60
Q

what is a weakness of radical feminsm

A

based on traditional ideas of the nuclear family, not all households are patriarchal

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61
Q

what is a strength of difference feminism

A

more of a focus on females as individuals and how their experiences will be different

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62
Q

what is a weakness of difference feminsm

A

difficult to research and generalise

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63
Q

What is the triple burden of women

A

domestic duties, emotional support, paid work

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64
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of marxists, functionalist and feminist theories on family

A

assumption that the traditional nuclear family is dominant, each are structural theories

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65
Q

what do interactionists and post-modernists say we have choice in

A

creating our relationships

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66
Q

what do personal life perspectives argue we must do to understand families

A

we need to focus on the meanings families and their members give to their relationships and situations, rather than their supposed functions

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67
Q

what is the personal life perspective of sociology also refered to as

A

bottom up

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68
Q

what does the ‘meanings’ approach to family do

A

opens our attention to personal and intimate relationships not traditionally defined as family

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69
Q

what are some examples of intimate relationships not traditionally defined as family

A

relationships with friends, fictive kin, chosen families, relationships with dead relatives, pets

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70
Q

name a strenght of personal life perspective

A

helps understand how people define and construct their relationships, rather than imposing sociological categories

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71
Q

name 2 weaknesses of personal life perspective

A

view maybe too broad, “anything goes approach” may miss what is special about relationships that are based on blood or marriage

72
Q

what does Pilcher say about childhood

A

it is a social construction

73
Q

what is social construction

A

something created and defined by society, rather than simply being a biological state

74
Q

what did Aries name childhood as

A

a relatively recent invention

75
Q

what does Piclher not about children in society

A

they occupy a seperate status from adults

76
Q

what did aries argue children were regarded as

A

an economic asset

77
Q

what does Postman argue about childhood

A

it is disappearing

78
Q

What Postman argue about tv

A

it blurs the boundary if the information hierarchy

79
Q

what does the growth in television mean

A

there are no more secrets from children with an unlimited acces to the adult world

80
Q

what is social bluring

A

little distinction between adults and children

81
Q

what was a feature of the middle ages

A

most people were illiterate therefore no distinction between adults and children

82
Q

what was a feature of the 19th century

A

emergence of the printed word and children were kept seperate and hidden from this adult world to protect their innocence

83
Q

what does Opie argue about childhood

A

it is persisting

84
Q

what is cotton wool society

A

adults are taking more and more control of childrens lives

85
Q

what is an advantage of postmans theories on childhood

A

useful in showing how different types of communication technology influence how childhood is socially constructed

86
Q

what is a criticsm of Postman

A

over emphasises a single factor (tv), interent and social media play more of a role today

87
Q

what did a BBC news report find about 11-16 year olds

A

they are most concerned about terrorism and climate change

88
Q

What did Jenks argue about childhood

A

it is not disappearing, just changing

89
Q

What does jenks say adults have become

A

more fearful for their childrne’s securityand even more preoccupied with protecting them from perceived dangers

90
Q

what is a criticism of Jenks

A

over generalises, he makes sweeping statements that imply that all children are in the same position

91
Q

what does conjugal mean

A

relating to marriage or marital relations

92
Q

what is the domestic division of labour

A

the roles that men and women play in relation to housework, childcare and paid work

93
Q

what is the inrumental role

A

the breadwinner who achieves success at work

94
Q

what is the expressive role

A

the home maker in charge of meeting families emotional needs and primary socialisation of the children

95
Q

what does parsons argue about the division of labour

A

it is based on biological differences, with women naturally suited to the nurturing role, It is beneficial to men and women

96
Q

what are segregated conjugal roles

A

where the couple have separate roles (breadwinner vs homemaker) and separate leisure activities

97
Q

what are joint conjugal roles

A

where the couple share tasks such as housework and childcare and spend leisure time together

98
Q

what is the march of progress view on family

A

family life is gradually improving for all its members

99
Q

what is a symmetrical family

A

the roles of husbands and wives are now much more similar

100
Q

name 3 reasons for the rise in symmetrical families

A

changes in womens position, more women working, higher standards of living

101
Q

what does Oakley reject about couples

A

the march of progress view

102
Q

what does oakley say about couples

A

men and women remain unequal within the family and women do most of the housework

103
Q

what did Oakley find about male participation in housework

A

only 15% of husbands had a high level of participation in housework and men take on the more pleasurable household tasks

104
Q

What did Boulton find about husbands

A

only 20% of husbands have a major role in childcare

105
Q

what did the office for national statistics find about housework

A

women spend on average 2.5hours a day on housework whereas men spend 1

106
Q

what did Warde and Hetherington say about housework

A

sex typing of domestic tasks is still strong, women are 30x more likely to do the washing and men 4x more likely to wash the car

107
Q

what 3 things did Gershuny find about couples

A

wives who work full time do less housework, couples who parents had more equal relationships are more likely to share housework, the longer women has been paid in work the more housework her husband is likely to do

108
Q

what do Silver and Schor argue about housework

A

the burden of housework on women has decrease because housework has become more commercialised and women now have the money to spend on goods to help with house work

109
Q

what do Ferri and Smith say about housework

A

women have a dual burden, responsible for paid and unpaid work

110
Q

what is the triple shift

A

women working unpaid and paid work as well as emotional support

111
Q

what are gender scripts

A

expectations of norms that are set out for different roles of men and women

112
Q

what is pooling

A

share money, joint responsibility of finances

113
Q

what did yearnshire find about domestic violence

A

on average a women suffers 35 assaults before making a report

114
Q

what did Cheal find about domestic violence

A

state agencies are reluctant to get involved in the family because they assume that the family is private, good and individuals are free to leave if they wish

115
Q

what did Barret and Mcintosh say about domestic work

A

men gain far more from womens domestic work than they give back in financial support

116
Q

what did Kempson say about low income families

A

in low income families women often denied themselves their needs

117
Q

according to kempson what needs do women deny

A

smaller portions, skipping meals, seldom going out

118
Q

what is an allowance system

A

where men give their wives an allowance out of which they have to budget to meet the families needs

119
Q

what is the material explanation on the inequalities in a household

A

men earn more and women are dependant on husbands therefore have less of a say

120
Q

what is the cultural explanation on the inequalities in a household

A

in patriarchal society there is a definition of men as decision makers and the inequalities are instilled through gender role socialisation

121
Q

what did Smart find on his work with same sex couples

A

control of money meant neither equality nor inequality exists in a relationship

122
Q

what did the Crime Survey for England and Wales find about domestic violence 2013

A

7.3% women and 5% of men have experience domestic violence in the past year

123
Q

what is the radical feminist explanation of domestic violence

A

emphasis on the role of patriarchal ideas, cultural values and institutions

124
Q

what is the materialist explanation of domestic violence

A

emphasis on the economic factors such as lack of resource

125
Q

what did Wilkinson and Picket say about domestic violence

A

domestic violence is the result of stress on family members caused by social inequality

126
Q

what factors affect population size

A

births, deaths, immigration, emigration

127
Q

what is birth rate

A

the number of live births per thousand of the population per year

128
Q

what is total fertility rate

A

average number of children women will have in their fertile years

129
Q

name 4 reasons for declining birth rate

A

changes in womens position, decline in infant mortality rate, child centeredness, children an economic liability

130
Q

what did a 2011 stat show about the birth rate

A

25% of all births were to mothers born outside the uk

131
Q

name 2 effects of changes in fertitlity

A

smaller families, effects to dependency ratio

132
Q

name 3 reasons for the decline in death rate

A

improved nutrition, medical improvement, public health measures

133
Q

which gender lives longer

A

women

134
Q

what did walker find about age of death

A

those living in the poorest areas of england die on average 7 years younger than those who live in the richest areas

135
Q

what is a result of increasing life expectancy

A

people living longer into old age

136
Q

what is a result of declining infant mortality rate

A

far fewer deaths in early life

137
Q

what is result of declining fertility

A

fewer young people in relation to number of
elderly in population

138
Q

name 3 effects of ageing population

A

pressure on public services, one person pensioner households, dependency ratio

139
Q

what is ageism

A

negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people on the basis of their age

140
Q

name 2 effects of ageism

A

discrimination in employment, unequal treatment in healthcare

141
Q

what does Phillipson argue about about the elderly

A

they are no longer productive for capitalism so state doesnt support adequately

142
Q

what do post modernists argue about society and old age

A

orderly stages of life course no longer exists in the same ways, individuals have greater choice of lifestyle whatever their age

143
Q

what is immigration

A

movement in

144
Q

what is emigraton

A

movement out

145
Q

what is net migration

A

the difference between im and emigration

146
Q

name 3 push factors of migration

A

natural disasters, low income, political or socialunrest

147
Q

name 3 pull factors of migration

A

job prospects, health care, improved housing

148
Q

how does immigration effect age structure

A

lowers average age

149
Q

how does migration indirectly effect age structure

A

as migrants are younger, theyre more fertile so more babies

150
Q

name 2 ways that migration impacts dependancy ratio

A

working age migrants lower dependency ration, as migrants are younger they tend to have more children

151
Q

What did Shutes find about migrants

A

40% of adult care nurses in UK are migrants

152
Q

what is emotional labour for migrants

A

migrant nannies provide care and affection to employers children at expense of own back home

153
Q

what is assimilation

A

immigrants are to adopt language, values and other features of the host culture

154
Q

what is mulitculturalism

A

migrants may wish to keep own cultural identity in a different society

155
Q

what percentage of marriages end in divorce

A

40%

156
Q

what has happened to the number of women applying for divorce

A

increasing

157
Q

name 4 reasons for the increase in divorce

A

law change, declining stigma, secularisation, womens increased financial independance

158
Q

what is cohabitation

A

unmarried couples in sexual relationship living together

159
Q

how many people are serial cohabitants

A

1/5

160
Q

what did coast find about cohabiting couples

A

75% say they expect to marry

161
Q

what did shelton and john find about cohabitation

A

women who cohabit do less housework then their married counterparts

162
Q

what was section 28

A

margaret thatchers law introduced in 1988 which banned promotion of homosexuality in schools and by local authorities

163
Q

name 4 reasons for increase in 1 person households

A

divorce/separation, decline in marriage, creative singlehood, not enough partners in age group

164
Q

what % of children are born outside marriage

A

47

165
Q

what percentage of lone parent families make up families as a whole

A

22

166
Q

name 3 reasons for the increase in lone parent families

A

declining stigma attached to births outside marriage, death of a parent no longer a significant cause, unmarried women having children

167
Q

what did renvoize find about lone parent families

A

professional women were able to support their child without the fathers involvement

168
Q

what did cashmore find about lone parent families

A

some w/c mothers with less earning power chose to live on welfare benefits without a partner

169
Q

what does murray say is the cause for the increase in lone parent families

A

overgenerous welfare state

170
Q

what is a criticism of murray on lone parent families

A

welfare benefits are from overly generous as recipients often live in poverty

171
Q

what does ferri and smith say about step families

A

they are similar to first families although they are more likely to be in poverty

172
Q

what does allan and crow say about step families

A

they may face particular problems of divided loyalties and issues such as contact with non-resident parent can cause tension

173
Q

name some features of british south asian families

A

Traditional, arranged marriage common
among Sikhs and Muslims. Pakistani and Bangladeshi wives, full time homemakers. Higher rate of three generation households to assist extended kin. High value placed on ‘izzat’ – family honour.

174
Q

Name some features of a white british family

A

Lower marriage and fertility rates, smaller
families high rates of cohabitation and divorce. Arranged marriages almost unknown. Once married set up separate households.

175
Q

name some features of a black british caribbean family

A

Lower marriage rates than the other two groups and fertility rates same as White British. Higher rates of lone parenthood and higher rates of inter marriage,
particularly White British.

176
Q
A

Sociology (5 decks)

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