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Sociology > Beliefs > Flashcards

Beliefs Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three main ways in which sociologists define religion

A

substantive, functional, and social constructionist

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2
Q

What is substantive definition

A

Focus on content or substance of religious belief, such as god or supernatural

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3
Q

What did Weber define religion as

A

The belief in a superior or supernatural power that is above nature and cannot be scientifically explained

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4
Q

What is functional definition of religion

A

The social or psychological functions it performs for individuals or society

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5
Q

What did Durkheim define religion as

A

The contributions it makes to social integration rather than any specific belief in god or the supernatural

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6
Q

What did functions did Yinger say religion perform for individuals

A

it answers ‘ultimate questions’ about the meaning of life when we die

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7
Q

Name and describe an advantage of the functional definitions of religion

A

Inclusive - it allows us to include a wide range of beliefs and practices that perform functions such as integration

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8
Q

What is constructionist definition of religion

A

Interpretivist approach that focuses on how members of society themselves define religion

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9
Q

What did Aldridge show about constructionist religion

A

Definitions of religion cannot be contested and are influenced by who has power to define the situation

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10
Q

What did Durkheim think about religious institutions

A

They play a central part in creating and maintaining value consensus, order and solidarity

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11
Q

What did Durkheim believe was a key feature of religion

A

The fundamental distinction between the sacred and the profane found in religions

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12
Q

Give an example of sacred and profane items

A

Totem pole vs A wheelie Bin

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13
Q

What is collective conscience

A

The shared norms, values, beliefs and knowledge that makes social life and cooperation between individuals possible. Without these society would disintegrate

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14
Q

What is a feature of substantive religion

A

Traditional god

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15
Q

What is the feature functional religion

A

serving a function

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16
Q

What is a feature of constructionist religion

A

Personal definition and interpretation

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17
Q

What is totenism

A

A symbol of worship

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18
Q

What did durkheim say about totenism

A

worshiping a totem is the worshiping of society

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19
Q

Who did durkheim study to gain understanding about totemism

A

The aborigines (🇦🇺)

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20
Q

what did Malinowski study

A

life crises

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21
Q

what are the 3 life crises

A

birth, marriage, death

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22
Q

What is significant about the life crisis

A

They are celebrated with a ritual

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23
Q

What did malinowski find the trobriand study (fishermen)

A

When fishing in danger they held a religious ritual

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24
Q

What is an issue with malinowski trobriand study

A

does not apply to everyone in society

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25
Q

What did parsons believe is the key function of religion

A

Gives a meaning of life

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26
Q

What is bellahs idea of religion

A

Civil religion

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27
Q

What is civil religion

A

coming together as a nation

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28
Q

What is a criticism of bellah

A

there is no belief in supernatural to prove it is a religion

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29
Q

What’s the function of religion according to marxists

A

promote ruling class ideology

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30
Q

what do marxist believe capitalism does to a person

A

alienates them

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31
Q

what does alienation cause people to do

A

find a place to worship

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32
Q

What is spiritual gin

A

Religion makes a person drunk

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33
Q

What is the opium of the people

A

Religion numbs the pain of capitalism

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34
Q

According to marxists what does religion do to the poor

A

pacifies them and stops revolution

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35
Q

What do feminists believe about religion

A

It instructs patriarchy

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36
Q

How does religion instruct patriarchy

A

higher religious powers are all men

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37
Q

What did Nawal El Siddawi say about religion

A

It is not religion that is male dominated, it is male interpretation

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38
Q

What is the western view of the hijab

A

mobile prison

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39
Q

what do young muslims see about the hijab

A

freedom

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40
Q

What are the 3 conservative forces

A

functionalism, marxism, feminism

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41
Q

What is social action theory

A

Individuals have the ability to change

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42
Q

Who were Calvinist’s

A

16th century protestants

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43
Q

What did weber say religion created

A

change and capitalism

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44
Q

What did Weber find about the Calvinists

A

They had salvation panic due to the fear of not being elect

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45
Q

What is it to be elect

A

chosen to go to heaven

46
Q

What did magurie say about webers beliefs

A

too simplistic

47
Q

What 3 things did maguire say webers beliefs depend on

A

time, place, country

48
Q

What did Durkheim say religious institutions play

A

a central part in creating and maintain the value consensus, order and solidarity of a society

49
Q

What is sacred

A

things the set apart that inspire feelings of awe, fear and wonder

50
Q

what is profane

A

things of no special significance, ordinary or mundane

51
Q

What is a feature of rituals

A

collective

52
Q

what does Durkheim say about worshiping the sacred

A

to worship the sacred is to worship society itself because society is the only thing powerful enough to evoke such feelings

53
Q

What function does all sacred items perform despite varying between religions

A

unite believers into a single moral community

54
Q

What part of religion was Durkheim focused on

A

the fundamental distinction between sacred and profane

55
Q

Who did Durkheim study in order to understand totemism

A

Arunta clan

56
Q

Who are the Artuna clan

A

An Australian clan who all worshiped a totem

57
Q

What did Durkheim believe about the Artuna totem rituals

A

the feeling of belonging and awe is reflective of the power of the group which each member is utterly dependant on, therefore worshiping their society

58
Q

What is collective conscience

A

shared sense of identity, community and belonging

59
Q

What does Durkheim argue that religion is the origin of

A

human thought, giving us a concept of time, space, cause and substance

60
Q

What does Durkheim believe about social order and stability

A

it can only exist if people are integrated into a society by a value consensus

61
Q

Name 2 criticism on Durkheim’s beliefs on religious functions in society

A

he only studied small scale clans and generalises other clans and religions as a whole, Sociologists accept that religion is important for social integration but reject the idea that religion is the worship of society.

62
Q

What happens as society becomes more diverse

A

the collective conscience has become fragmented, there is no longer a single shared value system for religion to inforce

63
Q

What does Malinowski argue about the fact that religion promotes solidarity

A

it promotes solidarity through psychological functions and 2 key points in life

64
Q

what is Malinowski’s 2 key points in life

A

where the outcome is uncertain and uncontrollable but important to the society, at a time of a life crisis

65
Q

Parsons agreed with Malinowski’s 2 key points in life, what 2 things did he also suggest religion did

A

creates and legitimates central values, its the primary source of meaning

66
Q

What did Parsons say religion helps people with

A

deal with life crises

67
Q

what did Parsons say dealing with life crises does

A

avoid anomie, which would threaten social order

68
Q

What did Bellah say about civil religion

A

it is a belief system that attaches sacred qualities to society itself

69
Q

Give an example of civil religion

A

For America the civil religion is Americanism or the American way of life

70
Q

where is the patriarchy in religion according to feminists

A

religous organisations, places of worship, sacred texts, religous laws

71
Q

What does karen armstrong say about religous organisations

A

the exclusion of women from their preist hood is evidence of marginalisation

72
Q

what does Holm describe the segregation and marginalisation of women in places of worship as

A

devaluation of women in religion

73
Q

what Dr Beauvoir argue about sacred texts

A

most scriptures in most religion suggest that a man is master by divine right

74
Q

what does wood head say about the exclusion of women from priesthood

A

evidence of the Catholics church’s unease about the emancipation of women

75
Q

What does Daly say christianity is

A

patriarchal myth

76
Q

What does daly believe christianity does

A

eliminated other goddess religions as it embodies women hating

77
Q

What does de Beauvoir say about religion

A

it is opressive to women

78
Q

Who does de Beauvoir say religion compensates

A

women for their second class status. They get a false belief that there will be rewarded in heaven and gain equality there

79
Q

What 2 ways might religion be seen as conservative

A

traditional values and conservative beliefs

80
Q

In terms of traditional values from the conservative perspective, what does religion uphold

A

traditional beliefs about how society should be organised

81
Q

In terms of conservative believes what do religious functions conserve or preserve

A

maintain status quo and stabalise society

82
Q

what do most religions have traditional conservative beliefs about

A

moral issues, oppose change that allows individuals more freedom in personal and sexual matters, uphold traditional family values and favour a patriarchal division of labour

83
Q

what did Wilson say about secularisation

A

the process whereby religious thinking, practices and institutions lose social significance

84
Q

what is wilson definition of religious thinking

A

the influence of religion on people’s beliefs and values

85
Q

what is wilson’s definitions of religious practices

A

what people do to carry out their religious commitment

86
Q

what is wilson definition religious institutions

A

the extent to which these have retained their influence on modern society

87
Q

in 1851 what percent of the population attended church

A

50%

88
Q

what is the theodicy of disprivalege

A

when a certain social group feel isolated the theodicy of disprivalege explains their current position

89
Q

what is the exclusivist belief of religion

A

religion involving belief in supernatural, supra-human beings or forces of some kind

90
Q

what is the inclusivist belief of religion

A

broader, not necessarily including belief in the supra-natural

91
Q

what is cassanova movement

A

it played an important part in resisting state terror and bringing about democracy in Latin American countries

92
Q

What is the maduro belief about religion

A

it has the potential to be a revolutionary force that can bring about change

93
Q

who had the theory on rationalisation and disenchantment

A

weber

94
Q

who had the theory of ‘technology worldview’

A

bruce

95
Q

who had the theory on structural differentiation, disengagement and privatisation

A

parsons

96
Q

who has the theory on social and cultural diversity

A

wilson

97
Q

what does berger see religion as

A

kind of a canopy that stretches over society, protecting them from uncertainties and meaning less

98
Q

According to berger what does religion help people do

A

interpret and make sense of the world and their position in it

99
Q

What did the protestant reformation in the 16th century do

A

undermine catholic church’s dominance

100
Q
A
100
Q

what is wilsons argument for secularisation

A

americans exaggerate church attendance

101
Q

what is bruces argument for secularisation

A

religion has adjusted to a form of therapy

102
Q

what is stark and bainbridges argument against secularissation

A

secularisation theory is eurocentric - religious market theory, provides us with a compensation as competition attracts more customers

103
Q

what is norris and ingleharts argument against secularisation

A

religiosity depends upon existential security - security and the need for it. Greater state welfare- less religious a society is

104
Q

what is a criticism of noris and ingleharts argument against secularisation

A

only quantitative evidence used for this study. They only look at religion as a negative response not the positive reasons why people join a religion

105
Q

what does davie argue about fundamentalism

A

it arises when orthodox views threatened by modernity

106
Q

what does giddens argue about fundamentalism

A

it is a reaction to globalisation

107
Q

what does bauman argue about fundamentalism

A

it is a response to post modernity

108
Q

what does castells identify are the 2 responses to post modernism

A

resistance identity, project identity

109
Q

what does huntington argue about conflict

A

religious centred conflicts have intensified since the collapse of communism in 1989. conflicts can be seen as symptoms of a wider clash of civilisations

110
Q
A
111
Q
A

Sociology (5 decks)

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