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family Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

family

A

a couple who are married, civil partners or cohabiting with or without dependent children who are related by blood

a lone parent with there children or child

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2
Q

household

A

one person or a group of people living together or alone who can be related or not

e.g. family, care homes, students in uni

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3
Q

nuclear family

A

a two generational family containing a heterosexual married couple with their children or child who live together

the ‘conventional’ family

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4
Q

cohabitation

A

when a couple live together but are not married

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5
Q

extended family (classic and modified)

A

a group or relatives extending beyond the nuclear family

e.g. aunts and cousins

classic : three generations live together or nearby
modified : members live apart geographically by have regular contact and support

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6
Q

reconstituted family

A

a blended or step family in which one or both partners have a child or children from a previous relation living with them

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7
Q

lone parent family

A

a family which only one parent lives with their child or children

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8
Q

same sex family

A

a family which is gay or lesbian (married, civil partners, cohabiting) live together with child or children

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9
Q

what were rapoport and rapoport 5 types of diversity

A

organisational
cultural
social class
life course
cohort

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10
Q

what is organisational diversity according to rapoport and rapoport

A

family vary in structure, the way they organise their domestic division of labour and their social networks such as their links to their extended family
e.g. nuclear family, reconstituted

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11
Q

what is cultural diversity according to rapoport and rapoport

A

families differ in their cultural values and beliefs.

different minority ethnic groups heritage illustrate diversity in beliefs and values.

these different beliefs and values can affect people’s lifestyles and ideas about gender roles, child rearing, education and paid work

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12
Q

what is social class diversity according to rapoport and rapoport

A

a family’s social class position affects the resources available to its members, role relationships between partners, and childrearing practices such as discipline

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13
Q

what is life course diversity according to rapoport and rapoport

A

the different stages of your life where your in different family types
e.g. brought up in nuclear, then parent left and became lone parent, then household at uni, cohabitation with first boyfriend

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14
Q

what is cohort diversity according to rapoport and rapoport

A

the particular period of time in which a family passed through different stages of the life cycle.
e.g. divorce has lost its social stigma

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15
Q

commune

A

a group of people who share living accommodation, possessions, wealth and property

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16
Q

kibbutz

A

consists of a group of people who live together communally, and value equality and cooperation between members

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17
Q

what is the functionalist approach focused on

A

positive functions that the nuclear family (the most functional family type) performs for individuals and for society

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18
Q

what perspective was murdock

A

functionalist

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19
Q

what was murdocks 4 essential functions

A

sexual
reproductive
economic
educational

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20
Q

what is the sexual function according to murdock

A

society needs to regulate sexual activity

the nuclear family regulates a married couples sexual behaviour and helps to maintain their relationship

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21
Q

what is the reproductive function according to murdock

A

society needs a new members if it is to survive over time

the nuclear family produces the next generation of society’s members

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22
Q

what is the economic function according to murdock

A

society need a way of providing people with financial support

economic cooperation is based on a division of labour between the husband and wife within the nuclear family

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23
Q

what is the educational function according to murdock

A

society needs to ensure that new members learn its culture

this learning takes place through socialisation within the nuclear family

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24
Q

what perspective is parsons

A

functionalist

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25
Q

what did parsons identify (2)

A

agency of primary socialisation

stabilisation of adult personalities

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26
Q

what is agency of primary socialisation

A

children learn the culture of their society, the family is vital because it socialises children so that they learn and accept society’s shared values and roles

helps maintain the stability of society

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27
Q

what is the stabilisation of adult personalities

A

everyday life outside the family can be stressful for adults and can put them under pressure

wife relieves the pressure emotionally

family is a safe haven and plays a key role in maintaining the emotional stability of adults

as well as living with children, adults can also act out their childish elements

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28
Q

critics of functionalism
(murdock and parsons)

A

1) outdated, unrealistic, sexist

2) parsons focuses on american middle class - ignores social class

3) idealisation from parsons

4) marxists are critical of the nuclear family so functionalists are criticised too

5) feminists see it as female oppression

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29
Q

what is the marxist approach to families

A

critical of the nuclear family and its role in maintaining capitalism

recreates inequalities between social classes over time

through socialisation, working class people accept their lower position in an unequal society and see the system as fair

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30
Q

what perspective is zaretsky from

A

marxism

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31
Q

what is zareskys account of family

A

before the 19th century the family was a unit of production

the rise in capitalism and factory based production led to a split between family life and work

the economy are now see the family as 2 spheres (private and public)

nuclear family has an economic function and serves economic function that severs the interests of capitalism

bourgeoise : transmits private property
proletariat : transmits public property

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32
Q

criticisms of the marxist approach

A

1) ignore people are satisfied with family life and marriage

2) feminists : marxists work with the traditional model of the nuclear family

3) feminists see female oppression as linked to patriarchy rather than to capitalism

4) focus on nuclear family as a negative whereas functionalism see it as a positive

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33
Q

what is the feminist perspective and focus on family

A

focus on gender relations, critical of the role of family in society and its negative impact on women

family actively contribute to the construction of gender differences through primary socialisation process

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34
Q

canalisation

A

the way parents channel their children’s interest into toys, games and other activists that are seen as gender appropriate, helps to reproduce gender inequalities over time

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35
Q

what perspective are delphy and leonard

A

radical feminists

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36
Q

what do delphy and leonard focus on

A

the family is patriarchal

family relationships invoke economic exploitation, men benefit from unpaid work of women within families (wives are exploited)

family is based on hierarchy - the husband at the top and other family members in subordinate positions

family maintain men’s dominance over women and children

37
Q

criticisms of feminist approach

A

do not consider egalitarian families that share power between their members

marxism link inequality within families to capitalism rather than patriarchy

functionalist see the family as meeting the needs of individuals and society

38
Q

criticisms of family : feminists

A
  • patriarchal nature of families
  • stays and foley of women in families
  • family’s role as an agency of socialisation
39
Q

criticisms of family : marxism

A
  • economic function of nuclear family under capitalism
  • role in reproducing social inequality over time
  • the family’s role as a unit for capitalism
40
Q

other criticisms of family

A
  • decline in traditional family values
  • social changes increase in marital breakdown
  • unrealistic idealisation of the nuclear family
  • ignore dysfunctional families in which domestic violence and abuse are found
41
Q

what are segregated conjugal roles and relationships

A

a clear division of domestic labour - tasks are divided by gender

the couple spend little of their leisure time together and have separate interests

42
Q

what are joint conjugal roles and relationships

A

no rigid division of household task into male and female jobs

the couples share much of their leisure time and have few separate interests

43
Q

who is the instrumental role

A

man

44
Q

who is the expressive role

A

women

45
Q

what does young and willmotts symmetrical family study argue

A

the symmetrical family is typical in britain

46
Q

what is the symmetrical family

A

where relationships are opposite but similar, spouses perform different task but make a contribution to the home

  • decision making is more shared
  • family members are home centred, sharing much of their leisure time
47
Q

what are the reasons to move to a symmetrical family

A
  1. rise of feminism - led to rejection of the housewife role
  2. legal changes - more equality
  3. more effective birth control
  4. technology development
48
Q

criticisms of young and willmott’s study

A
  1. feminists reject idea - women are still main responsibility for housework even with a job
  2. behaviour hasn’t altered - double shift for women - the new men are hard to find
49
Q

what sociological perspective was oakley

A

feminist

50
Q

what is conventional view on family oakley describes

A

a nuclear family consisting of a married couple and their children who live together, women are expected to do unpaid work at home while men do paid work outside the home

no longer the norm!

51
Q

what else besides conventional family does oakley say

A

some groups are exploring other ways of living

norms change across social groups

52
Q

what perspective are young and willmott

A

functionalist

53
Q

what did Pahl find

A

more couples share decisions on household spending compared to before - power within conjugal roles has changed

54
Q

contemporary parent-child views

A
  1. relationships are less authoritarian
  2. more child centred - focus on child’s needs
  3. young people are more financially dependent on families for longer - conflict?
  4. some children contribute to household tasks and childcare
55
Q

what did young and willmott say on relationships with wider family

A

found that the extended family flourished in Bethnal Green in London during the mid-1950s and family ties were strong.

However, in later research, they discovered that the nuclear family had become more isolated from the extended family.

56
Q

why might people’s relationships with family widen

A

geographical mobility - women now work more and in turn see family less

57
Q

what is the principle of stratified diffusion

A

many social changes start at the top of the social class system and work downwards - changes in family life filter down

58
Q

who came up with the principle of stratified diffusion

A

young and willmott

59
Q

what are the 4 contemporary family issues

A
  1. quality of parenting
  2. relationships of adults and teens
  3. care of elderly
  4. arranged marriage
60
Q

what is the quality of parenting

A

quality of parenting is associated with children’s educational achievement

61
Q

what is teenage - adult relationships issue

A

parents cannot control teenagers - delinquents - no control

minority of teenagers are parents themselves

62
Q

how is care of elderly a issue in the family

A

dependent family members - need care - time consuming

63
Q

arranged marriage

A

based on 2 people CONSENTING - not forced marriage

64
Q

what are the significant factors in changing family and household structures

A
  • decrease in nuclear families
  • increase in same sex families
  • increase in cohabiting families
  • increase in one person households
65
Q

what is the reason for decrease in reconstituted families

A

average age at which women have their first baby is increasing - more likely to be older couples - reduce the chance of children being step children as couples are less likely to separate

66
Q

what is the reason for increase in dual career families

A

women are in more employment - more dual careers of parents

67
Q

what is the reason increase in lone parent families

A

increasing divorce - freedom of choice - societies values have changed - women are no longer dependent on men

68
Q

why is there an increase in one person households

A

changing age structure - people are living increasingly longer - widows

69
Q

fertility

A

average number of children that women of childbearing age give birth in a particular society

70
Q

5 reasons for changing patterns of fertility

A
  • economic factors
  • labour market uncertainty
  • later marriage
  • women increasing participating in higher education and paid employment
  • effective birth control methods
71
Q

what are the economic factors for changing patterns of fertility

A

people are no longer motivated by economic factors - poor families used to be

72
Q

what are the labour market uncertainties factors for changing patterns of fertility

A

global recessions - uncertainty in the job market - delay in children

73
Q

what are the later marriage factors for changing patterns of fertility

A

people getting married at older ages - delay in children

74
Q

what are the women increasing participating in higher seduction and paid employment factors for changing patterns of fertility

A

females have more options in addition to motherhood today

75
Q

what are the effective birth control methods factors for changing patterns of fertility

A

women have greater control over their fertility

76
Q

what is monogamy

A

being married to one person at a time

77
Q

what is bigamy

A

marrying someone who is already married to someone else - criminal offence

78
Q

serial monogamy

A

divorced person has a chain of divorces and marriages again and again

79
Q

polygamy

A

more than one spouse at the same time

80
Q

polygyny

A

man has 2 or more wives at once

81
Q

polyandry

A

women who has 2 or more husbands at once

82
Q

what are the changing patterns of marriage in the uk

A
  • decline in annual number of marriages
  • people getting married later
  • intro of civil partnerships and same sex marriages
  • increase in cohabitation
  • increase in births outside of marriage
83
Q

how is people getting married later effecting marriage in the uk

A

people put off marriage until their older linked to more education and jobs for women - changing attitudes to premarital sex (more common)

84
Q

how is introduction of civil partnerships and same sex marriage effecting marriage in the uk

A

civil partnership - more socially accepted
legalisation of same sex marriage

85
Q

how is increase in cohabitation effecting marriage in the uk

A

cohabitation - doubled
changing social attitudes - now more socially accepted
secularisation has weakened religious barrier
high cost of wedding puts people off marriage

86
Q

how is increase in births outside marriage effecting marriage in the uk

A

number of births outside marriage in the uk has increased - births are no longer stigmatised

87
Q

divorce

A

legal ending of a marriage

88
Q

reasons for increase in divorce

A
  • legal changes - cheaper and quicker to obtain
  • secularisation has weakened religious barrier
  • women are less tied to their husbands through economic dependence
  • media creates high expectations which may result in in satisfaction - increase in divorce

sociology (6 decks)

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