Families and households-Topic 4 Demography Flashcards
What are the main Birth trends?
Overall decline in birth rate since 1900. Overall decline in fertility rates. Women are having children later. Many not having kids.
What is a ‘Baby boom’ and when where they?
A fluctuation (rise) in births. After the two world wars.
Why have these birth trends occurred?
Changes in position of women
Decline in infant mortality rate.
Children are an economic liability
Child centeredness.
What are the effects of these birth rate trends?
Women can go out to work as they can afford the childcare.
Dependency ratio is lower however will increase in the future.
Less government money if overall rate is decreasing.
What are the main death patterns?
Overall the death rate has decreased since the 1990s
Life expectancy has increased. F-57 M-57 in 1900 and F-81 M-77 in 2008.
w/c have lower life expectancy (men with manual jobs)
Why have these changes in the death trends occured?
Increased immunity to infectious diseases
improved healthcare
Improved nutrition
Decline in manual jobs
What are the effects of these death trends?
Higher dependency ratio
More people living alone.
Many will blame the elderly for being too dependent, however like childhood old age is a social construction.
What does Immigration mean?
Moving into an area or society
What does Emigration mean?
Moving out an area or society
What does Net migration mean?
The difference between people moving in and out
What are some of the main trends?
Net migration has increased-Highest since 1991
In 2001 ethnic groups accounted for 7.9%
Internal migration changed-During the industrial period people had to migrate to factory towns away from rural areas.
Reasons for these Migration patterns?
People migrate for economic reasons.
Some for religious, political or racial reasons.
Due to labour shortages. E.g. in the 60’s and 70’s policies were made to encourage people with certain skills to migrate.
What are the effects of these migration trends?
Immigrants tend to be of working age-Decrease dependency ratio
Immigrants likely to have children-Contradicts the reduce in dependency ratio.
Children reduce the average age and increase the amount of people in the future workforces.
