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A Level Sociology > Families and Households: Demography > Flashcards

Families and Households: Demography Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Death rate

A

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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2
Q

Death rate statistics (1900-2012)

A

1900: 19
2012: 8.9

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3
Q

Reasons for the decline of the death rate: low deaths from infectious diseases

A
  • 3/4 of deaths from the 1850-1970s was due to the decline in the deaths from infectious diseases
  • 1950s “Diseases of Affluence” e.g. cancer, replaced infectious diseases // due to natural resistance developed
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4
Q

Reasons for the decline of the death rate: Improved nutrition

A
  • Mckeown: Reduced up to half of death rate esp from tuberculosis due to increase of resistance to infection and survival rates
  • Fails to explain how women who receive a smaller share of family food supply live longer than men
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5
Q

Reasons for the decline of the death rate: Medical improvements

A
  • After 1950s: improved medical knowledge, techniques and organisation
  • Advances inc. intro to antibiotics, immunisation, blood transfusions, improved maternity services
  • 1948: Intro to the NHS
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6
Q

Reasons for the decline of the death rate: Smoking and Diet

A
  • Harper: Obesity replaced smoking as the new lifestyle epidemic
  • 2012: 1/4 of adults were obese (kept low due to drug therapies)
  • Moved to an American health culture where lifestyles are unhealthy but long lifespan is achieved through costly medication
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7
Q

Reasons for the decline of the death rate: Public Health Measures and Environmental improvements

A
  • Central and local government enforced laws, leading to a range of improvement in public health and safety
  • Inc improvements in housing e.g. less crowded accommodation
  • Purer drinking water, combat adulteration of food and drink
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8
Q

Life Expectancy

A

How long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live

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9
Q

Life expectancy statistics (1900-2013)

A
  • 1900: men = 50, women = 57
    2013: men = 90, women = 94
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10
Q

What did Harper say about life expectancy?

A

If trend of greater longevity continues, we will soon achieve ‘radical longevity’ w/ more centenarians (prediction of 1 million by 2100)

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11
Q

Life expectancy: class, gender, region and ethnic differences

A
  • Women live longer (gap narrowed due to more women smoking)
  • Those in the North have a lower life expectancy
  • WC men are 3x more likely to die before 65
  • Walker: Those in the poorest area die 7 yrs earlier than those in richer areas
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12
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 of the population per year

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13
Q

Factors affecting the birth rate

A
  • Proportion of women who are of childbearing age (15-44)
  • How fertile they are (how many they have)
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13
Q

Total fertility rate

A
  • Average number of children women have during fertile years
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14
Q

TFR statistics

A
  • Increased since 2001 (1.62) to 2012 (1.94)
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15
Q

What do the TFR stats reflect?

A
  • Women are remaining childless
  • Postponing having children - fertility rates aged 30-40 are increasing // fewer fertile years so produce less children
16
Q

Reason for the decline in birth rate 1900-2001: Changes in the position of women

A
  • Education has allowed women to change their mindset and see other possibilities in life other than being a house wife
  • Once a pattern of low fertility rates lasts for more than one generation, culture norms about family size change
17
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

Measures the number of infants who die before their first birthday, per thousand babies born alive, per year

18
Q

Reason for the decline in birth rate 1900-2001: Decline in the Infant Mortality Rate

A
  • Harper: lead to a decline in birth rates, if infants survive, parents will have fewer children to ‘replace’ the ones they have lost
19
Q

Reasons for the decline in the IMR

A
  • Improving housing and sanitation - reducing infectious diseases (infants are more susceptible to infection due to less developed immune system)
  • Better knowledge of hygiene child health and welfare (magazines)
  • Improved services for mothers and children e.g. antenatal and postnatal clinics
20
Q

Infant Mortality Rate statistics

A
  • 1950: 30
  • 2012: 4
21
Q

Evaluation of the IMR: Brass and Kabir

A
  • Argue trend to smaller areas began in urban areas
  • IMR first began in rural area // suggests practices may not affect birth rates in the way we think they have
22
Q

Reason for the decline in birth rate 1900-2001: Children as economic liabilities

A
  • Children used to be an asset to their family as they could be sent out to work
  • Laws banning child labour, compulsory schooling mean they remain economically dependant on parents for longer
  • FInancial pressures = less willing to have a larger family
23
Q

Impact of fertility changes: the family

A
  • Smaller families = women can work and create a dual earner cypical of many professional families
  • Fewer children = childhood may be a lonelier experience + more childless adults = less voices speaking up in support of child’s interests
24
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The relationship between the size of the working part of the population and the size of the non-working part of the population
- Fall in the number of children reduces the ‘burden of dependency’ on the working population
- Long term: less children = less working adults in the future so burden of dependency may increase again

25
Q

Ageing population

A

The number of people aged 65+

26
Q

Ageing population statistics

A

2011: 9.2 million people over 66

27
Q

Average age of UK population statistics

A

1911: 25
2037: 43

28
Q

The ageing population is a result from what 3 factors?

A
  • Increasing life expectancy
  • Declining infant mortality
  • Declining fertility
29
Q

Effects of an ageing population: public services

A
  • Older people consume larger proportion of services e.g health and social care
  • Over generalisation - many old people remain in relatively good health well into old age
30
Q

Effects of an ageing population: Changes in family structure

A
  • Increase in extended families due to increased life expectancy
  • Increase in multi-generational and beanpole families
31
Q

Effects of an ageing population: Single person pensioner households

A
  • Account for 12% of all households
  • Women live longer and usually younger than husbands
  • > 75s, more women than man (FEMINISATION OF LATER LIFE)
32
Q

Effects of an ageing population: Dependency ratio

A
  • As num. of retired people increases, dependency ratio increases and burden on working population
  • 2015: 3.2 people working for 1 pensioned
  • 2033: predicted to fall to 2.8
33
Q

Effects of an ageing population: Dependency ratio criticism

A
  • Wrong to assume that old means economically dependent
  • Age people draw pensions in rising 2020: had to be 66 to access state pension
34
Q

Ageism

A

The negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people based on their age

35
Q

Effects of an ageing population: Ageism

A
  • Prevalent within employment and healthcare
  • Result of structured dependency: largely excluded leaving them economically dependent
  • Phillipson: no use to capitalism as they aren’t productive, state unwilling to support them
36
Q

Effects of an ageing population: Ageism criticisms (PM)

A
  • POSTMODERNISM: stages of life have been broken down, giving greater individual choice
  • Hunt: can choose a lifestyle + identity regardless of age
  • Old has become a market for goods and services which help create own identities
37
Q

Effects of an ageing population: Ageism criticisms (Inequalities)

A
  • Pilcher: Inequalities e.g class, gender // Many related to individual’s previous occupational position
  • MC have better occupational pensions + savings due to salary
  • Poorer old ppl have shorter life expectancy + suffer more infirmity

A Level Sociology (4 decks)

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