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Sociology > Families and households - Demography > Flashcards

Families and households - Demography Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is demography?

A

Study of population, and changes to population size

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2
Q

What are the four factors that make up the total population size?

A

Birth/death rate Immigration and emigration

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3
Q

What was the population of the UK in
-1801
-1901
-current
-2031

A

10.5 million
37 million
67million
71 million

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4
Q

What is natural change?

A

Result of births and deaths

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5
Q

What is birth rate?

A

The n.o of live births per thousand of the population per year

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6
Q

What is death rate?

A

The n.o of deaths per thousand of the population per year

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7
Q

What is total fertility rate?

A

Average n.o of children women will have during their fertile yrs 15-44

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8
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

N.o of infants who die before their first bday per thousand live births per yr

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9
Q

What is net migration?

A

Difference between the n.o of immigrants and n.o of emigrants

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10
Q

What is emigration?

A

Movement out of an area or society

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11
Q

What is immigration?

A

Movement into an area or society

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12
Q

What is dependancy ratio?

A

The relationship between the size of the working population and the non working or dependant population

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13
Q

How many live births were there in 2021? (England and Wales)

A

625,000

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14
Q

What was the total fertility rate per woman in 2021

A

1.61

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15
Q

How many stillbirths in 2021?

A

2,600

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16
Q

State when the four baby booms were?

A

Early 1920s
Late 1940s
Mid 1960s
Early 2010s

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17
Q

Give a reason for a baby boom?

A

High immigration rates - early 2010s

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18
Q

What are the four reasons for the overall decline in birth rate since 1900?

A

Changes in the position of women - more legal equality with men/increased educational opportunties/more women in paid employment

Cost of having a child - until late 19th century children were an economic assest to their parents, since then gradually become an economic liability as laws introduced to ban children from workplace, complusory schooling

Contraception - NHS introduced in 1961 but only avaliable for married women, this was relaxed in 1967 - offering regardless of martial status. 2010 - 3.5million women 16-49 accessing it for free. Widely avaliable, become a choice, delay having children/persue other roles

Decline in the infant mortality rate - Harper argues that a fall in the IMR has led to a fall in birth rate. Due to better sanitation, improved medical knowledge, mass immunisation and improved maternity services

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19
Q

What are the 3 impacts of a declining birth rate

A

The family - smaller families, women more likely to be free to go out to work - dual earner couple

Public services - lower BR consequences on public services e.g fewer schools, child health services, affects cost of maternity and paternity leave

Dependancy ratio - earnings, savings and taxings of the working population must support dependant population (children large part) - reduces burden on dependancy. Longer term - smaller popluation working

20
Q

What has happened to the death rate since 1900?

A

It has halved (9 per 1000)

21
Q

What has happened to the number of deaths?

A

Stayed the same

22
Q

What is the average life expectancy for a women and men?

A

Men - 77
Women - 83

23
Q

Outline and explain 3 reasons why women are expected to live longer than men?

A

Men are more likely to take part in risk taking behaviour such as crime smoking and drinking

Men do more manual work which also means more risk in the workplace

Men on the frontline - heavy combat and die young

24
Q

Give 3 medical related reasons why people live longer?

A

Increase vaccines
Free healthcare
Improvement in medical technology

25
Q

Give 3 non medical reasons why people live longer?

A

Better living conditions
Vast welfare state
Less conflict

26
Q

What is the average age of people in the UK?

A

40

27
Q

What percentage of the population are 65 or over?

A

18%

28
Q

Who suggests that a traditional population pyramid is disappearing and being replaced with more equal size blocks?

A

Hirsch

29
Q

What are 2 positive impacts of an ageing population?

A

Grandparents can help with childcare - women can go back to work

Retired people putting money back into the economy

30
Q

What are the 2 negative impacts of an ageing population?

A

Country is less likely to be economically successful

Burden on health and social care sectare

31
Q

What do Marxists say about the ageing population?

A

Elderly are no use in a capitalist system and the state is unwilling to support or care for them - burden of the family especially female relatives

32
Q

What do post modernists say about the ageing population?

A

See it in a positive light

In a postmodern world there are no fixed roles or statuses - determine your own life course.

Boundaires between different life stages have become blurred

33
Q

What does hunt say about the ageing population?

A

It is no longer employment that defines us but consumption - create identity by goods you consume - freedom

Old have become market for vast range of products aimed at body maintenance and anti ageing - promote youthful lifestyle

Helped break down against stereotypes that existed in a modern society

34
Q

What does pilcher say about the ageing population?

A

Inequalities such as class and gender remain important amongst the elderly

PM underestimate importance of the inequalities - connected to wider structures within society - majoir part in shaping the experience of old age and restirct the freedom the elderly have in creating their own identity

35
Q

What happened september 2010?

A

Spain’s grandparents took to the streets to strike against ‘being tired from caring for their grandchildren for days on end’

36
Q

How many grandparents are raising their grandchildren themselves?

A

200,000

37
Q

How many families depend on grandparents for some childcare?

A

1/3

38
Q

What percentage put money aside to help their grandchildren get onto property laddder?

A

31%

39
Q

In 2021 how many peopler born outside of the UK made up the UK’s population?

A

9.5 million

40
Q

How many more people moved to the UK (ending 2020)

A

313,000

41
Q

Main countries that emigrate from the UK?

A

USA,Canada,Austrailia,New Zealand,South Africa

42
Q

Main countires that immigrate to the UK?

A

Ireland,India,Pakistan,Bangledesh,Kenya,Uganda,Poland

43
Q

What is a push factor for immigration to the UK?

A

Conflict

44
Q

What is a pull factor for immigration to the UK

A

Study opportunities

45
Q

What is a push factor for emigration from the UK?

A

Cost of living crisis

46
Q

What is a pull factor for emigration from the UK?

A

Climate

47
Q

Cohen identifies three different types of migrants, what are they?

A

Denizens
Citizens
Helots

Sociology (10 decks)

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