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Sociology Paper 2 > Families and Households > Flashcards

Families and Households Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between industrialisation and urbanisation

A

i / the economy shifted from agriculture to industry and manufacturing
g - population shift from rural to urban areas

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2
Q

What is Parsons geographical and social mobility?

A

people have moved away to more industrial areas to find jobs
different job opportunities mean people can start making f higher status than their family

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3
Q

What is Parsons ‘fit’ theory

A

the nuclear family is the best fit for society as it is mobile and isolated from extended family

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4
Q

What is structural differentiation (Parsons)?

A

the family has lost some of its functions due to the creation of specialised institutions

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5
Q

Criticisms of Parsons historical development of family?

A

Laslett - nuclear family before industrial revolution
Anderson - extended family after revolution

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6
Q

What are Botts two types of conjugal roles?

A

segregated- clear breadwinner and housemates
joint - sharing housework

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7
Q

What are Young and Wilmotts three stages

A

Pre industrial - unit of production based around agriculture
early industrial extended family - individuals employed outside the famiky, poverty and unemployment caused the extension of the famiky used done by mothers, still present in 1950s Bethnal Green
privatised symmetrical nuclear famiky - self sufficient and home centred with conjugal roles being shared

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8
Q

What did Young and Wilmotts say are the three reasons the symmetrical family has developed?

A

geographical mobility - develops a closer bond so they work together more
affluence - improved living standard so partners become more home crbtered
values - less pressure to retain traditional calyes

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9
Q

Critics on marriages being more equal

A

Knusden and awareness (2007) no modern countries in the world have men doing more domestic work - women prefer 2/3
Oakley

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10
Q

What are Parsons instrumental and expressive roles

A

instrumental - husband is breadwinner and supports the family economically
expressive - mother is the homemaker as well as emotional work

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11
Q

Duncombe and Marsden - triple shift

A

paid work domestic labour and emotional work
men wanted picture of marriage but did not want to participate emotionally in the family

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12
Q

What did Edgell (1980) say about decisions in the family?

A

men decide more serious decisions like moving house or buying cars while women decide more home centered decisions like decorating

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13
Q

Pahl (2005,2008) and finance in the family

A

growing financial independence however women are still excprctrd to pay for most of the childcare

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14
Q

What households are more financially symmetrical?

A

Dunne (1999) high level of flexibility when it came to all aspects of family life

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15
Q

Time ecobkmy of parenting

A

men doing childcare has risen by 205%
Gray - fathers provide covers whilst mothers work but mothers have to negotiate this first

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16
Q

Do ash and Dobash and domestic violence

A

commonly happens when husband decides something and the wife persists it

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17
Q

Statistics about child abuse?

A

every ten days a child is killed at the hands of their parents
April 2010 abuse by strangers constituted only 5% of all abuse cases in the UK

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18
Q

What do Dobash and Dobash say are the three aspects of culture that props up male violence?

A

history - until the end of the 18th century lawful correction was still in place, nagging wife, religion
patriarchy - Russel (1982) police take no action because most police officers are male
ideological preparation - early socialisation teaches girl to be submissive

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19
Q

What is cohabitation and why is it important increasing?

A

living together while not being married
women are becoming more career focused
more opportunity to be independent financially
trial run
less pressure from religious beleif

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20
Q

What is an empty shell marriage?

A

marriages where partners stay together in name only but there is no love or intimacy between the couplr

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21
Q

reasons for increase in divorce rate?

A

wider avidity of contraception
reduced functions of the family
increasing life expectancy
welfare state
secularisation
changing role and attitudes to women
law making divorce easier

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22
Q

What is ideology of the market?

A

we have the right to be individualistic and to demand choice

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23
Q

What do critics say are the reasons for divorce

A

Goode - functionalism - due to the breakdown of traditionally held norms and values
Fletcher - functionalism- people have high dtarbadrss of marriage and will separate if these are not met
Hart - feminism - women not being seen as an equal
Gibson - postmodern - caused by the ideology of market

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24
Q

Reasons for changes in the birth rate m

A

women having children later
decrease in marriage rate
single parenthood
increase in teen parents
more effective types of contraceptive
greater employment opportunities for women

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25
Q

changing patterns in childbirth?

A

1/3 of children are now born outside of marriage
growth in single parenthood
Britain has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy
the average age of women at the time of the birth of their first child has increased to 28
the percentage of conceptions that are aborted has doubled in the last 30 years

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26
Q

Reason for change in the death rate?

A

better sanitation of domestic settings
less people dying of infectious disease
improved nutrition
better medical improvement
introduction of the NHS
better knowledge in mothers regarding child health

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27
Q

What had caused an ageing population

A

increasing life expectancy
declining infant mortality
declining fertility

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28
Q

effects of an ageing population?

A

older people consumer a larger proportion of services
more pensioners living alone
increase in dependency ratio on the working population
growth in ageism like exclusion from paid work

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29
Q

What is the pensioner time bomb

A

how demographic changes will cause a rise in the percentage of people entitled to a pension. An ageing population leads to smaller workforce more spending on pension and could require higher taxes

30
Q

What is the difference between immigration and emigration

A

immigration - movement of people into an area to settle permenately
emigration - leaving home country to immigrate into abotger

31
Q

impact of migration on UK population structure

A

population size - growing, net migration is high (260000 in 2014)
age structure - immigration lowers the average age
dependency ratio - helps lower the dependency ratio as immigrants are lower

32
Q

What did Hochschikd (2003) say about feminisation of migration?

A

care work and domestic work in western countries are increasingly done by women
- expansion of service occupations led to an increase demand of female labour
western women are less willing to do domestic labour
western men are less willing to do domestic labour
failure if the state to provide adequate childcare

33
Q

What are transnational identities and its theories ?

A

Eriksen (2007) globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns - migrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging completely to one cukture

34
Q

What is the difference between assimilation and multiculturalism?

A

assimilation - encourages immigrants t to adopt language and customs of host countries
multiculturalism- accepts migrants may wish to regain a separate cultural identity

35
Q

Why is assimilation policies counter productive?

A

Castles - they mark out minority groups as culturally backwards and may promote anti terrorism polices that target them

36
Q

What are trends in black families?

A

higher proportion of lone parent households - female headed
under slavery when couple were sold separately and children stayed with mother
Mizra - reflects the high value that black women place on independence

37
Q

What are trends in asian families?

A

larger families - higher proportion in childbearing
most asian households were now nuclear but relatives often lived nesrby

38
Q

trends in same sex couples?

A

Stonewall (2012) 5-7% of the adult population today have same sex relationships
increased social expectancy after age of consent was equalised

39
Q

What do Weejs and Weston say about chosen families

A

Weeks - social acceptance leads to increase in same sex cohabitation
Weston - many gay couples are now deciding to cohabitate as stable partners

40
Q

What the problems with singleness

A

Macvarish (2006) solo living is a opportunity for self development
appears to you get women
however they didn’t want this to be permanent

41
Q

What has led to the increase in lone parents?

A

greater economic independence of women
improved contraception
reproductive technology
changing social attitudes

42
Q

What has led to the increase in lone parents?

A

greater economic independence of women
improved contraception
reproductive technology
changing social attitudes

43
Q

Pros and cons of reconstituted families?

A

Ferry and Smith (1997) stepfamilies are very similar to first families however are at greater risk of poverty
Allan and Crow (2001) stepfamilies may fact particular problems of divided loyalties and issues

44
Q

Reasons for the rise of the beanpole family

A

extended life expectancy
fewer children being born

45
Q

What is meant by the term life course

A

the social pages we progress through throughout our lives

46
Q

Who created the neo conventional family

A

Chester - the nuclear family is dominated by however both spouses play an instrumental or breadwinnner role

47
Q

What are the Rapoports five types of diversity?

A

cultural diversity - different structures between culture
life stage diversity - differ according to stage in life cycle
organisational diversity - difference in the ways family roles are organised
generational diversity - older and younger generations have different attitudes
social class diversity - differences are a result of income feifferencrd

48
Q

What does Giddens say in the transformation of intimacy?

A

in the most recent phase of modernity the nature of intimate relationships have developed due to plastic sexuality which means sec can be freed
confluence love replaces romantic love

49
Q

What is individualisation thesis?

A

we have free will and can make our own choices now as society has opened up for us

50
Q

What does Stacey say about the postmodern family?

A

family forms have become so diverse so it will be impossible for societies to go back to having a single standard - gay families have played a pioneering role in this

51
Q

What are the for and against of family diversity l?

A

against - functionalist and new right say there is only one normal type of family which is the nicole family - based off biological differences which is natural

for - postmodernism and feminist say family is simply whatever arrangements those involved choose to call a family and liberated oppressed groups

52
Q

What is the connectedness thesis

A

Smart - instead of us as disembedded individuals with limitless choice we are fundamentally social being whose choices are always made within a web of connectedness

53
Q

What does Pilcher say about childhood being a stage

A

childhood is separate from adult hood and are typically more vulnerable and in need of protection

54
Q

what are historical differences in childhood?

A

in 16th and 17th century youngster moved from infancy straight to the adult world as long as they were physically able to
expected to take part in same work as older members of the community

55
Q

What factors has led to changes in childhood?

A

laws restricting child labour - Factory Acr
introduction of compulsory schooling
welfare legislation
declining families sizes
lower infant mortality rate
industrialisation

56
Q

What are cultural differences in childhood?

A

Katz (1993) in Sudan it normal for children be engaged in productive work from the age of 3 or 4
Punch (2001) in rural Bolivia children are 5 they are excited to take on responsibility at him and in the community

57
Q

Evidence that childhood is disappearing

A

Pugh - parents who are cash rich but time poor alleviate their guilt by buying children expensive goods
Phillips (1997) - the media and peer group have become more influential on children than their parents
Greer (2008) - girls have become mini sluts

58
Q

How was society become more child centered

A

all children have the rights to be happy
children are more valued and protected
smaller family sizes meant parents could afford better products

59
Q

What did Palmer call toxic childhood

A

rapid technological change and cultural changes have damaged children’s physical emotional and intellectual development

60
Q

What do conflict view say about childhood?

A

it is controlled by adults
children’s movement are controlled as they are told where to play and where not to
auldts control children’s daily routines
dependents economically on adults
age patriarchy - oppressive for children

61
Q

What is social policy

A

ang government action aimed at advertising social need

62
Q

What are some examples of social policy on the family?

A

abolishing the family - after russian revolution of 1917 the new Soviet Union sought to destroy the patriarchal family
Chinas one child policy
Nazi family policy - racially pure
Maternity and Paternity Pay
Equal Pay Act

63
Q

what is the cereal packet norm

A

the main is the breadwinner and the women is the homemaker with two children

64
Q

What’s the functionalist view on the family policy?

A

the state acts in the interest of society which helps families to perform its function more effectively - NHS gives them helatncare

65
Q

How was the functionalist view of family been criticised

A

assumes that family members benefit from social politics
march of progress steadily makes family life better and better

66
Q

What are the new right perspective of the family?

A

the traditional nuclear family as self reliant and clarke of caring for its members separate from the nuclear family
social policy encourages a dependency culture

67
Q

What is the feminist perspective on the family

A

social policies often assume the ideal family with a male provider and a female homemaker
Drew and gender regimes
familiarity fender regine
idcidualistix gender regime

68
Q

what is a marxist view of the family?

A

the state and its policies serves capitalism- working class support has been won though class sttuggle

69
Q

What does Donzelot say about social policy?

A

a form of state power over families - professional survey families and is usually targeted at working class families
rejects march of progress
critics: fails to identity clearly who benefits from such policirs

70
Q

Third way family policies

A

Child care act 2006 - councils had to make enough places available
Civil partnership legalised in 2006
Sure Start centres
Parenting Order

71
Q

conservative and coalition policies

A

tax break for married couple in 2015
2017 30 free hours free childcare

72
Q

new right and social policies

A

biased against nuclear families
marriage tax and benefit rules cut
to state being seen as the breadwinner rather than husband and fathets

Sociology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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