Families and households Flashcards

Question

what is the personal life perspective?

Answer 1

it aims to research individual choices and the influences behind them when it comes to family formation and general life experience.

Answer 2

the domestic and household responsibilities of cohabiting partners.

Answer 3

a family where the roles and responsibilities both outside and inside the home are shared equally.

Answer 4

the workload of people who work to earn money, but who are also responsible for significant amounts of unpaid domestic labor.

Answer 5

women are expected to go to work while also doing the housework and childcare

Answer 6

keeping the child in focus when making decisions about their lives and working in partnership with them and their families.

Answer 7

the number of live births per thousand of population per year.

Answer 8

birth rate is decreasing in 1947 the birth rate was around 21, and in 2019 the birth rate was around 10.

Answer 9

number of deaths per 1000 people at any given time frame.

Answer 10

the average age that a person may expect to live.

Answer 11

death rate has decreased since 1900. it was 19 in 1901 compared to 9.1 in 2014. life expectancy has increased in 1901 it was 48 for men and 52 for women, and in 2014 it was 79.5 for men and 82.5 for women.

Answer 12

when the population has an increase in the number of older people.

Answer 13

1. burden on public services and the dependency ratio 2. increase in one-person households 3. increase in beanpole and extended families.

Answer 14

the number of people who enter the UK

Answer 15

the number of people who leave the UK

Answer 16

the difference between immigration and emigration over a period of time.

Answer 17

migration is on the increase in 1991, 6% of the UK's population was made up of ethnic minority groups, compared to 14% in 2011.

Answer 18

1. push/pull factors 2. globalisation 3. legislation and border control

Answer 19

when a man comes home from a busy day of work, his family provides him with stress relief and relaxation; just as a warm bath would.

Answer 20

a pattern of abusive behaviors by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation.

Answer 21

the policy changed so that couples could get a divorce after 5 years if only one couple agreed, or 1 year if both couples agreed. the policy changed again in 1984 so that a divorce could be granted after 1 year of marriage.

Answer 22

gave every child the right to protection from abuse and exploitation.

Answer 23

aims to ensure that the natural parents of children continue to provide financial support for their children

Answer 24

introduced a universal payment for each child, and an additional 50p was given to lone-parent families.

Answer 25

women were granted maternity leave with reinstatement rights at their place of work prior to confinement over a period of 29 weeks, beginning in the week of confinement.

Answer 26

legalised abortion by registered practitioners for up to 28 weeks gestation.

Answer 27

after 28 weeks, the father has the right to take up to 26 weeks leave

Answer 28

gave same sex couples the same rights as those in a civil marriage, such as property rights and pension benefits.

Answer 29

allows same sex couples to become married in england and wales.

Answer 30

gave unmarried and same sex couples the right to adopt a child.

Answer 31

The nuclear is universal - studied 250 societies across the world and found that the nuclear was the most common family type in most societies. Argued that there are 4 functions of the family; sexual, reproduction, economic and socialisation.

Answer 32

The functions that the family performs will depend on the kind of society that it is found in. Pre-industrial society - extended families were more beneficial. Modern industrial society - nuclear families were more beneficial. Argued that there are 2 main functions of the family; primary socialisation and stabilisation of adult personalities (SOAP). Warm bath theory - when a man comes home from a busy day of work, his family provides him with stress relief and relaxation; just as a warm bath would. Structural differentiation - specialised agencies developed and took over many of the functions of the family such as the functions of health and education.

Answer 33

Believes in neo-conventional families (dual-career) which is similar to a nuclear family except both parents work.

Answer 34

Claims that the underclass engages in ‘deplorable’ behaviour - committing crimes, having illegitimate children and failing to socialise their offspring properly, causing a rise in social problems such as educational underachievement.

Answer 35

Believes that poverty is passed from one generation to another and children who are born poor are likely to raise children who are also in poverty.

Answer 36

Believed that the family evolved as society evolved. In early societies, people lived in ‘promiscuous hordes’ (there were no restrictions on sexual relationships), but as society developed, the patriarchal nuclear family evolved to legitimate the paternity of children as well as male inheritance and monogamous marriage.

Answer 37

Claims that the nuclear family’s functions are ideological and benefit the ruling class rather than society as a whole. Identified three functions of the family that benefit capitalism: 1. Socialisation of children - the nuclear family trains children to see inequality as ‘normal’ to prevent them challenging the ruling class power. 2. Stabilisation of adult personalities - the family produces docile workers (they focus on the family and consumerism rather than their lack of job satisfaction). 3. Nuclear family as a unit of consumption - families are encouraged to keep up with their neighbours in terms of their consumption of products for the home and garden.

Answer 38

Argues that women act as a safety valve and ‘takers of shit’ for male frustration and alienation, which is often absorbed by the wife in the form of domestic abuse. This is because the men attempt to assert power and control in the home to compensate for their lack of power in the workplace.

Answer 39

Argues that the amount of unpaid labour that women do is very large, and benefits men and the capitalist class, while remaining negative for women.

Answer 40

They argue that husbands exploit women in the home by making little contribution to housework and childcare, but women are expected to be there for men to emotionally maintain them.

Answer 41

There is a strong ideology that being a wife is the most important role and aspiration for all the women and that they will be subservient to their husbands, meaning that she sees her job as making him happy

Answer 42

Believes that the family is no longer the patriarchal institution that it was in the 19th century. Argues that women’s freedom to work and greater choice has enabled greater equality in marriage.

Answer 43

Suggests that teenage girls now see careers and educational qualifications as more important than marriage and motherhood.

Answer 44

Some parents are using gender role socialisation to teach their children that males are dominant and women are subordinate.

Answer 45

Argues that attitudinal changes between generations of women are now so significant that they constitute a ‘genderquake’ - changes in the form of women's participation in the labour market.

Answer 46

Argues that the concept of ‘personal life’ is more neutral and flexible because it goes beyond marriage and biological kin to include newer types of relationships.

Answer 47

Supports Smart by arguing that the traditional path taken by people (single - married - children) is no longer applicable in a modern society.

Answer 48

Believes that there are 5 types of family diversity; 1. Cultural diversity 2. Life stage diversity 3. Organisational diversity 4. Generational diversity 5. Social class diversity

Answer 49

Women have more freedom than ever before and this has led to new family types such as the reconstituted family.

Answer 50

Believe that we now live in a symmetrical family, where conjugal roles are shared between husband and wife.

Answer 51

Interviewed husbands and found that only 15% of them did a high amount of housework and 25% did a large amount of childcare. They also admitted to only doing the ‘fun parts’

Answer 52

Found that in middle class families, the wife was more likely to work and therefore they are more likely to be joint conjugal roles. In working class families, the wife was less likely to work and so they are more likely to be segregated conjugal roles.

Answer 53

Found that unemployed men did more around the home, but wives were still expected to do the bulk of the housework.

Answer 54

Argue that the increase in divorce illustrates the frustration in women who feel that their marriages are exploitative. In addition to going out to work, they were also expected to take on most of the childcare and housework (triple shift)

Answer 55

Found that women who worked and earned more money did less housework, and so the roles were more likely to be shared.

Answer 56

Domestic violence occurs in marriage due to the fact that the institution gives power to the men through the wives dependency on them. There is a significant amount of domestic violence used by men to their assert their own way in the family.

Answer 57

In the conservative government, there are two types of groups in terms of family policies; Modernisers - those who recognise that families are now more diverse Traditionalists - those who favour a new right view and reject diversity as morally wrong.

Answer 58

Poor families are more likely to be seen as ‘problem families’ that cause criminal and antisocial behaviour.

Answer 59

The concept of childhood didn’t exist in mediaeval europe. In the 16th century, the upper class began to send their children to public schools to be educated. Throughout the 19th century, it then became illegal to send their children to work in mines and factories, and by the end of the 19th century, most european children were made to go to school.

Answer 60

Found that Bolivian children were expected to work from the age of 5.

Answer 61

There are now multiple laws in place to keep children in education and out of work until the age of 16 in western societies. The concept of childhood is now clear and distinct as children now occupy a different status than adults.

Answer 62

Peer pressure has influenced children to put pressure on their parents to buy goods, which is called pester power.

Answer 63

Childhood is now toxic because they are being deprived of a traditional upbringing, and instead are being given modern technology and have a decline in outdoor play, which leads to inadequate socialisation.

Answer 64

Childhood is disappearing due to a lack of secrecy between children and adults, and that children now have the same access to things as adults through media and television. Example - children use google to find out if santa is real.

Answer 65

Believes that there are two views on modern childhood; The welfare view - children are innocent and wholesome, and need protecting from the adult world. The control view - children are wicked and sinful, and need to be disciplined.

Answer 66

There is a new third age (young old age)

Answer 67

Found that ¾ of pakistani and bangladeshi women were married by 25 and black british women were the least likely to marry.

Answer 68

Extended family ties were extremely important for the asian migrant families compared to other ethnic groups.

Answer 69

In recent decades, family and marriage has been transformed by equal choice and more equal relationships between men and women (such as more access to contraception and opportunities to work).

Answer 70

Believes that tradition has less influence on families and marriage, and people have more choice, so women are making more individual decisions about their lives.

Answer 71

Sexual morality has become a personal choice, and the attitudes towards homosexuality have changed and tolerance has become more widespread.