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Families and households Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a nuclear family?

A

the stereotypical family with a husband and wife with their children living in the same household.

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2
Q

what is a lone-parent family?

A

when a single parent lives with their children without the other parent.

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2
Q

what is a beanpole family?

A

a multi-generational family that is long and thin with few aunts, uncles and grandparents.

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3
Q

what is a matrifocal family?

A

women are at the centre of the family. often a mother with her children and sometimes their grandmother.

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4
Q

what is an extended family?

A

relatives beyond the core of the nuclear family unit who may be living under the same roof.

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5
Q

what is a reconstituted family?

A

one or both adults have been previously married, and the children are living with a natural parent and a step-parent, possibly with step-siblings.

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6
Q

what is a dual-career family?

A

similar to a nuclear family, but where both parents are working.

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7
Q

what is an empty nest family?

A

when the children have grown up and moved out of their parental home.

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8
Q

what is a cereal packet family?

A

the stereotype of a family where there is a husband and wife with their son and daughter.

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9
Q

what is cohabitation?

A

a situation where a couple lives together as man and wife, although they are not legally married.

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10
Q

what is the functionalist perspective on the family?

A

the family is an institution that contributes towards society by reproducing the next generation, socialising them, and meeting each family member’s needs.

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11
Q

what are the four functions of the family identified by Murdock?

A

reproduction
sexual
economic
socialisation

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12
Q

what is ethnocentrism?

A

a belief or attitude that one’s own culture is better than all others.

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13
Q

what is the functional fit theory?

A

the theory that the type of family that fits a society”s structure, and the functions it performs, change as societies change.

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14
Q

what is structural differentiation?

A

the family has lost some of its functions due to the creation of specialised institutions being created.
For example; the NHS and educational system removed this function that the family traditionally provided.

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15
Q

what is the welfare state?

A

provides material and economic support to individuals in need based on their individual requirements

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16
Q

what is the new right perspective on the family?

A

opposes the rise of other types of families and favours the conventional two-parent family structure.

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17
Q

what is the marxist perspective on the family?

A

the role and function of the family is to uphold the capitalist superstructure.

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18
Q

what is the feminist perspective on the family?

A

that the nuclear family is the ‘base’ for socialisation that oppresses women.
They also see the family as teaching children gender roles which are translated to gender roles in wider society.

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19
Q

what is the marxist-feminist perspective on the family?

A

women’s exploitation within the family is due to the fact that women are encouraged to carry our unpaid work within the home.

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20
Q

what is the liberal-feminist perspective on the family?

A

sees the family as an institution that specializes in socialization.

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21
Q

what is the radical-feminist perspective on the family?

A

men will always oppress women and the family is a vehicle for that oppression.

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22
Q

what are the changing patterns of divorce?

A

divorce is on the increase
in the 1930s, there were almost no divorces, and in 2011 there were 125,000 divorces.

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23
Q

what are the changing patterns of marriage?

A

marriage is on the decline
in the 1930s, there was around 320,000 marriages, and in 2011 the number of marriages was 245,000

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24
Q

what is the personal life perspective?

A

it aims to research individual choices and the influences behind them when it comes to family formation and general life experience.

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25
Q

what are conjugal roles?

A

the domestic and household responsibilities of cohabiting partners.

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26
Q

what is a symmetrical family?

A

a family where the roles and responsibilities both outside and inside the home are shared equally.

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27
Q

what is the dual burden?

A

the workload of people who work to earn money, but who are also responsible for significant amounts of unpaid domestic labor.

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28
Q

what is the triple shift?

A

women are expected to go to work while also doing the housework and childcare

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29
Q

what is a child-centred family?

A

keeping the child in focus when making decisions about their lives and working in partnership with them and their families.

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30
Q

what is birth rate?

A

the number of live births per thousand of population per year.

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31
Q

what is the trend of birth rates?

A

birth rate is decreasing
in 1947 the birth rate was around 21, and in 2019 the birth rate was around 10.

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32
Q

what is death rate?

A

number of deaths per 1000 people at any given time frame.

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33
Q

what is life expectancy?

A

the average age that a person may expect to live.

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34
Q

what are the trends in death rate and life expectancy?

A

death rate has decreased since 1900.
it was 19 in 1901 compared to 9.1 in 2014.

life expectancy has increased
in 1901 it was 48 for men and 52 for women, and in 2014 it was 79.5 for men and 82.5 for women.

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35
Q

what is the ageing population?

A

when the population has an increase in the number of older people.

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36
Q

what are the implications of the ageing population?

A
  1. burden on public services and the dependency ratio
  2. increase in one-person households
  3. increase in beanpole and extended families.
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37
Q

what is immigration?

A

the number of people who enter the UK

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38
Q

what is emigration?

A

the number of people who leave the UK

39
Q

what is net migration?

A

the difference between immigration and emigration over a period of time.

40
Q

what is the trend in migration?

A

migration is on the increase
in 1991, 6% of the UK’s population was made up of ethnic minority groups, compared to 14% in 2011.

41
Q

what are reasons for migration?

A
  1. push/pull factors
  2. globalisation
  3. legislation and border control
42
Q

what is the warm bath theory?

A

when a man comes home from a busy day of work, his family provides him with stress relief and relaxation; just as a warm bath would.

43
Q

what is domestic abuse?

A

a pattern of abusive behaviors by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation.

44
Q

what is the divorce reform act (1969)?

A

the policy changed so that couples could get a divorce after 5 years if only one couple agreed, or 1 year if both couples agreed.

the policy changed again in 1984 so that a divorce could be granted after 1 year of marriage.

45
Q

what is the child protection act (1989)?

A

gave every child the right to protection from abuse and exploitation.

46
Q

what is the child support agency (1993)?

A

aims to ensure that the natural parents of children continue to provide financial support for their children

47
Q

what is the child benefit act (1975)?

A

introduced a universal payment for each child, and an additional 50p was given to lone-parent families.

48
Q

what is the employment protection act (1975)?

A

women were granted maternity leave with reinstatement rights at their place of work prior to confinement over a period of 29 weeks, beginning in the week of confinement.

49
Q

what is the abortion act (1967)?

A

legalised abortion by registered practitioners for up to 28 weeks gestation.

50
Q

what is the paternity act (2010)?

A

after 28 weeks, the father has the right to take up to 26 weeks leave

51
Q

what is the civil partnerships act (2004)?

A

gave same sex couples the same rights as those in a civil marriage, such as property rights and pension benefits.

52
Q

what is the same sex marriage act (2013)?

A

allows same sex couples to become married in england and wales.

53
Q

what is the adoption act (2002)?

A

gave unmarried and same sex couples the right to adopt a child.

54
Q

murdock (functionalist)

A

The nuclear is universal - studied 250 societies across the world and found that the nuclear was the most common family type in most societies.

Argued that there are 4 functions of the family; sexual, reproduction, economic and socialisation.

55
Q

parsons (functionalist)

A

The functions that the family performs will depend on the kind of society that it is found in.
Pre-industrial society - extended families were more beneficial.
Modern industrial society - nuclear families were more beneficial.

Argued that there are 2 main functions of the family; primary socialisation and stabilisation of adult personalities (SOAP).

Warm bath theory - when a man comes home from a busy day of work, his family provides him with stress relief and relaxation; just as a warm bath would.

Structural differentiation - specialised agencies developed and took over many of the functions of the family such as the functions of health and education.

56
Q

chester (functionalist)

A

Believes in neo-conventional families (dual-career) which is similar to a nuclear family except both parents work.

57
Q

murray (new right)

A

Claims that the underclass engages in ‘deplorable’ behaviour - committing crimes, having illegitimate children and failing to socialise their offspring properly, causing a rise in social problems such as educational underachievement.

58
Q

lewis (new right)

A

Believes that poverty is passed from one generation to another and children who are born poor are likely to raise children who are also in poverty.

59
Q

engels (marxist)

A

Believed that the family evolved as society evolved.
In early societies, people lived in ‘promiscuous hordes’ (there were no restrictions on sexual relationships), but as society developed, the patriarchal nuclear family evolved to legitimate the paternity of children as well as male inheritance and monogamous marriage.

60
Q

zaretsky (marxist)

A

Claims that the nuclear family’s functions are ideological and benefit the ruling class rather than society as a whole.

Identified three functions of the family that benefit capitalism:
1. Socialisation of children - the nuclear family trains children to see inequality as ‘normal’ to prevent them challenging the ruling class power.
2. Stabilisation of adult personalities - the family produces docile workers (they focus on the family and consumerism rather than their lack of job satisfaction).
3. Nuclear family as a unit of consumption - families are encouraged to keep up with their neighbours in terms of their consumption of products for the home and garden.

61
Q

ansley (marxist feminist)

A

Argues that women act as a safety valve and ‘takers of shit’ for male frustration and alienation, which is often absorbed by the wife in the form of domestic abuse. This is because the men attempt to assert power and control in the home to compensate for their lack of power in the workplace.

62
Q

benston (marxist feminist)

A

Argues that the amount of unpaid labour that women do is very large, and benefits men and the capitalist class, while remaining negative for women.

63
Q

delphy and leonard (radical feminist)

A

They argue that husbands exploit women in the home by making little contribution to housework and childcare, but women are expected to be there for men to emotionally maintain them.

64
Q

greer (radical feminist)

A

There is a strong ideology that being a wife is the most important role and aspiration for all the women and that they will be subservient to their husbands, meaning that she sees her job as making him happy

65
Q

sommerville (liberal feminist)

A

Believes that the family is no longer the patriarchal institution that it was in the 19th century.
Argues that women’s freedom to work and greater choice has enabled greater equality in marriage.

66
Q

sharpe (feminist)

A

Suggests that teenage girls now see careers and educational qualifications as more important than marriage and motherhood.

67
Q

oakley (feminist)

A

Some parents are using gender role socialisation to teach their children that males are dominant and women are subordinate.

68
Q

wilkinson (feminist)

A

Argues that attitudinal changes between generations of women are now so significant that they constitute a ‘genderquake’ - changes in the form of women’s participation in the labour market.

69
Q

smart (personal life)

A

Argues that the concept of ‘personal life’ is more neutral and flexible because it goes beyond marriage and biological kin to include newer types of relationships.

70
Q

allan and crow (personal life)

A

Supports Smart by arguing that the traditional path taken by people (single - married - children) is no longer applicable in a modern society.

71
Q

the rapoports (postmodernist)

A

Believes that there are 5 types of family diversity;
1. Cultural diversity
2. Life stage diversity
3. Organisational diversity
4. Generational diversity
5. Social class diversity

72
Q

stacey (postmodernist)

A

Women have more freedom than ever before and this has led to new family types such as the reconstituted family.

73
Q

willmott and young

A

Believe that we now live in a symmetrical family, where conjugal roles are shared between husband and wife.

74
Q

oakley

A

Interviewed husbands and found that only 15% of them did a high amount of housework and 25% did a large amount of childcare. They also admitted to only doing the ‘fun parts’

75
Q

bott

A

Found that in middle class families, the wife was more likely to work and therefore they are more likely to be joint conjugal roles.
In working class families, the wife was less likely to work and so they are more likely to be segregated conjugal roles.

76
Q

pahl

A

Found that unemployed men did more around the home, but wives were still expected to do the bulk of the housework.

77
Q

dunscombe and marsden

A

Argue that the increase in divorce illustrates the frustration in women who feel that their marriages are exploitative. In addition to going out to work, they were also expected to take on most of the childcare and housework (triple shift)

78
Q

gershuny

A

Found that women who worked and earned more money did less housework, and so the roles were more likely to be shared.

79
Q

dobash and dobash

A

Domestic violence occurs in marriage due to the fact that the institution gives power to the men through the wives dependency on them. There is a significant amount of domestic violence used by men to their assert their own way in the family.

80
Q

hayton

A

In the conservative government, there are two types of groups in terms of family policies;
Modernisers - those who recognise that families are now more diverse
Traditionalists - those who favour a new right view and reject diversity as morally wrong.

81
Q

donzelot

A

Poor families are more likely to be seen as ‘problem families’ that cause criminal and antisocial behaviour.

82
Q

aries

A

The concept of childhood didn’t exist in mediaeval europe. In the 16th century, the upper class began to send their children to public schools to be educated. Throughout the 19th century, it then became illegal to send their children to work in mines and factories, and by the end of the 19th century, most european children were made to go to school.

83
Q

punch

A

Found that Bolivian children were expected to work from the age of 5.

84
Q

pilcher

A

There are now multiple laws in place to keep children in education and out of work until the age of 16 in western societies. The concept of childhood is now clear and distinct as children now occupy a different status than adults.

85
Q

evans and chandler

A

Peer pressure has influenced children to put pressure on their parents to buy goods, which is called pester power.

86
Q

palmer

A

Childhood is now toxic because they are being deprived of a traditional upbringing, and instead are being given modern technology and have a decline in outdoor play, which leads to inadequate socialisation.

87
Q

postman

A

Childhood is disappearing due to a lack of secrecy between children and adults, and that children now have the same access to things as adults through media and television.
Example - children use google to find out if santa is real.

88
Q

rogers

A

Believes that there are two views on modern childhood;
The welfare view - children are innocent and wholesome, and need protecting from the adult world.
The control view - children are wicked and sinful, and need to be disciplined.

89
Q

blaikie

A

There is a new third age (young old age)

90
Q

berthoud

A

Found that ¾ of pakistani and bangladeshi women were married by 25 and black british women were the least likely to marry.

91
Q

ballard

A

Extended family ties were extremely important for the asian migrant families compared to other ethnic groups.

92
Q

giddens

A

In recent decades, family and marriage has been transformed by equal choice and more equal relationships between men and women (such as more access to contraception and opportunities to work).

93
Q

beck

A

Believes that tradition has less influence on families and marriage, and people have more choice, so women are making more individual decisions about their lives.

94
Q

weeks

A

Sexual morality has become a personal choice, and the attitudes towards homosexuality have changed and tolerance has become more widespread.

Sociology (5 decks)

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