families Flashcards
1
Q
what roles in the family did parsons make
A
instrumental and expressive
2
Q
what does parsons believe the division of labour is based on
A
biological differences as women are naturally suited to the nurturing role
3
Q
what are the different types of conjugal roles and who devised it
A
joint and segregated
Bott
4
Q
what are segregated conjugal roles
A
couples have separate roles, breadwinner & homemaker, leisure activities tend to be separate
5
Q
what are joint conjugal roles
A
couple share tasks, spend leisure time together
6
Q
what do young and willmott say about the family
A
it’s becoming symmetrical
7
Q
what did young & willmott find a pattern of in their 1950’s study
A
segregated conjugal roles
8
Q
what view do young & willmott take
A
march of progress view
family life gradually improving, becoming more equal
argue move from segregated to joint & symmetrical family based on 1970’s
9
Q
what are the changes contributing to the increase in symmetrical families
A
changes in womens positions
geographical mobility
new technology
higher standards of living
10
Q
what does geographical mobility mean in terms of symmetrical families
A
more couples moving away from the communities they grew up in
11
Q
who came up with triple shift
A
duncombe and marsden
12
Q
what do crompton & lyonette make explanations for
A
gender division of labour
13
Q
what are crompton & lyonette’s explanations
A
cultural explanation
material explanation
14
Q
what is crompton & lyonette’s cultural explanation
A
view that division of labour is influenced by patriarchal norms & values that shape gender roles in society
15
Q
what is crompton & lyonette’s material explanation
A
view that women earn less than men so it’s economically rational for women to do more housework/childcare
16
Q
what are 2 pieces of evidence to support the cultural explanation
A
gershuny (1994) couples whose parents were more equal, were more likely to share housework equally themselves
dunne (1999) same sex couples were more symmetrical b/c of no traditional heterosexual ‘gender scripts’
17
Q
evidence supporting the material explanation of gender divisions of labour
A
ramos (2003) when woman is full time breadwinner & man’s unemployed, he does just as much domestic labour
18
Q
what does hochschild say about the gender division of labour
A
argues women experience triple shift
19
Q
what theory does hochschild write from
A
feminist
20
Q
what did feminists pahl and vogler discover
A
types of control over family income:
allowance system
pooling
21
Q
what is the allowance system
A
men give wives allowance to budget & meet the family’s needs
man keeps surplus for himself
22
Q
what is pooling
A
both parents have access to income & joint responsibility for spending
pooling indicates equality h/e found even w/ pooling, men made majority of important decisions
23
Q
what did edgell discover
A
very important decisions made by husband e.g moving
important decisions are shared e.g children’s education
less important are made by wife e.g decor
24
Q
how does edgell challenge the march of progress view
A
shows roles in household still segregated, not becoming symmetrical
25
what is the personal life perspective on money
different couples give different meaning to money
smart (2007) same sex couples attached no importance to who controlled money
26
what is domestic violence
any incident or pattern of controlling, coercive or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over
27
stats on dv
2 women are killed every week by current or former partner
only 38% of dv incidents are reported to the police
28
what are the two explanations for domestic violence
radical feminist
materialist
29
what is the radical feminist explanation of domestic violence
view family/marriage as key institutions in patriarchal society
patriarchal norms etc lead to abuse to oppress women
male domination in state explains reluctance to deal w/ dv cases
30
what does firestone think of patriarchy
men are oppressors and exploiters of women
31
what does elliot say about the radical feminist view
rejects that all men are violent
some are victims
32
what is the materialist explanation of domestic violence
economic issues
stress from social inequality
low income causes abuse
33
who came up w/ the materialist explanation for dv
wilkinson & pickett (2010)
34
evaluation for materialist explanation of dv
marx fem ansley (1972) dv is product of capitalism, male workers exploited, take frustration out on women
35
what does marx fem ansley say about women
women are takers of shit, experience dv when challenging a man's authority
36
what are murdock's functions of the family
stable satisfaction of the sex drive
reproduction of the next generation
primary socialisation
economic needs
37
what is the stable satisfaction of the sex drive
having 1 partner prevents social disruption by a sexual 'free' for all
38
what is the reproduction of the next generation
so society can continue
39
what is primary socialisation
teaches society's shared norms & values to children
40
what is economic needs
family members needs being met
41
identify 3 criticisms of murdock's family functions
aren't carried out effectively by all families
ignores family diversity
ignores dysfunctional side
other family types can fulfil the roles
some people can't or don't want to fulfil functions
42
strength of murdock's family functions
shows how each part of society are interrelated, each contributing to well being of society
43
what does parsons argue about the family to do w/ the functional fit theory
family has lost some functions which are now fulfilled by other structures of society
44
functional fit theory: what needs does parsons see the industrial society as having
geographically mobile workforce
socially mobile workforce
45
functional fit theory: what is the geographically mobile workforce
smaller nuclear families
can move easier (than extended families) for work opportunities due to industrial developments
46
functional fit theory: what is the socially mobile workforce
nuclear families are better suited to meritocratic society that allows individuals to compete
e.g a cleaner can have a son that's a doctor
47
what are the functions of the family according to marxists
inheritance of property
ideological functions
unit of consumption
48
what does marx call the earliest classless society
primitive communism
all means of production were owned communally
49
marx function of the family: what is the inheritance of property
when wealth in society began to increase, private property was developed to be passed down
this lead to patriarchal monogamous nuclear families
50
what does marxist engels say the rise of the nuclear family represent
world historical defeat of the female sex
controlled by patriarchy into 'female' roles
51
marx function of the family: what is the ideological functions
family socialises children to think hierarchy & inequality are inevitable
parental power prepares them for working life as they accept orders
zaretsky (1976) family acts as a safe haven
52
what does zaretsky say the family does
acts as a safe haven from exploitative world of capitalism
so workers can be themselves and have a private life
53
marx function of the family: what is a unit of consumption
'keeping up w/ the joneses' by consuming latest products
pester power
children who lack latest items are mocked & stigmatised
54
marxist criticisms
nuclear family is dominant, ignore family diversity
rad fems --> nuc fam benefits men not capitalism
func--> ignore real benefits that family provides to members
55
what view do feminists take of the family
critcical view
56
what do marx fems think of the family
main cause of women's oppression is capitalism
they produce labour force --> unpaid labour & socialise next gen
absorb anger, ansley takers of shit, soak up husbands frustration b/c alienation at work
reserve army of cheap labour, that can be taken on when extra workers needed
57
what does germaine (2000) argue for
creation of matriarchal households
58
what do differnce feminists say about the family
can't generalise women's experiences
black feminists view black family positively, source of support and resistance to racism
59
rad fem ao3
liberal fem somerville argues rad fems ignore that women's positions have improved w/ better access to divorce, job opportunities
argues heterosexual attraction makes separation unlikely to work
60
what are the weaknesses that personal life perspective think's of structural theories
assume nuclear family is dominant, ignore increasing family diversity
assume family members are passive puppets --> manipulated by societal structures, ignore concept of choice
61
what approach does the personal life perspective take
bottom up interactionist approach
emphasis meaning of individual family members
62
what approach do structural theories take
top down
structures shape us
63
what does the personal life perspective focus on
meanings attached to relationships
64
name 3 examples of chosen families
relationships w/ friends, like a sibling to you
fictive kin, like calling your mum's friend auntie
relationships w/ pets, part of your family
65
what did tipper 2011 find
children see pets as part of the family
66
what are 2 strengths of the personal life perspective on chosen families
1) deeper understanding of how people define family, rather than imposing traditional definitions
2) rejects top down structural perspective that view humans as passive puppets
67
what is a weakness of the personal life perspective on chosen families
ignores what is special about blood relationships
68
what did nordqvist & smart find out about chosen families
social & emotional relationships are more important than blood relationships
69
what term is used to describe childhood
socially constructed
70
what does punch 2001 say about childhood
children in bolivia expected to work at 5
71
what does malinowski 1957 say about childhood
trobriand islanders have attitude of tolerance towards children's sexual exploration
72
what does pilcher 1995 say about childhood
clear, distinct life stge
laws to regulate
golden age of happiness & innocence
seen as vulnerable, in need or protection from adult world
73
what is the globalisation of western childhood
western notions of childhood being globalised
e.g campaigns against child labour
74
what does aries 1960 say about childhood in the past
childhood didn't exist
children were mini adults
same rights, duties, punishments
75
what is aries' evidence for childhood in the past
paintings, where adults and children weren't distinguishable from eachother
76
what did shorter (1975) say about childhood
high death rates caused indifference towards children
e.g referred to as it
77
what does aries say about childhood now
modern cult of childhood
argues we live in a world obsessed w/childhood
century of the child
78
what are reasons for changes in childhood
laws restricting child labour
compulsory school 1880
child protection (every child matters 2003)
children's rights
declining family size/low infant mortality
79
what is the march of progress view of childhood
argues the position of children has been gradually improving
80
what does mause (1974) say
the nightmare of childhood is a nightmare from which we have only recently begun to awaken
81
what does palmer (2007) say about childhood
rejects march of progress view, children experiencing toxic childhood
damaged physical, emotional, intellectual development
junk food, video games, marketing
82
what is the conflict view of childhood
marx and fems reject march of progress view
inequalities among children in terms of opportunity and risk they face: many remain unprotected & badly cared for
inequalities between children and adults are greater than ever: children today face greater control, oppression & dependency
83
what does hillman (1993) say about childhood
boys are more likely to be allowed to go out after dark alone and cycle on roads
84
what does brannens (1994) say about childhood
asian parents are more likely to be strict
85
what are some inequalities between children
poor mothers likely to have low birth weight babies, linked to delayed physical & intellectual development
children in poor families more likely die in infancy or childhood, shorter in height, fall back in school
86
what are 2 pieces of evidence for inequalities between children
control over children's spaces - 'no school children'
neglect and abuse
87
who talks about age patriarchy
gittens (1998)
88
what is age patriarchy
evidence that children may experience childhood as oppressive from strategies they employ to resist the status of child
89
what are the 2 strategies of age patriarchy
acting up
acting down
90
what is acting down
resisting adult control e.g using baby talk or insisting to be carried
91
who came up w/ acting up and what is it
hockey & james (1993)
doing things children aren't supposed to do e.g smoking, drinking, swearing
92
a03 on the new sociology of childhood
see children as passive puppets
risk seeing children from what mayall calls an adultist perspective
smart (2001) studied divorce, found children actively try to make the situation better for everyone
93
who talks about the disapperance of childhood
postman
94
what does postman say about childhood in the past
children couldn't access the same information as adults (information hierarchy), due to lack of literacy
created clear boundary between childhood & adulthood
so adults could keep sex, violence etc as private matters
95
what does postman say about childhood in the present
technology, tv, media broke down boundary
losing innocence
adult content on tv accessible to children
causing the disappearance of childhood b/c of premature exposure to adult themes
96
who can be used as criticism for postman
opie and opie
jenks
97
what does the opie's research show
kids don't passively accept what adults give them
they create their own culture, invent new games and way of interacting w/ eachother
their creativity continues
e.g from playgrounds to video games
98
what do the opie's argue
childhood isn't disappearing
99
what does jenks argue
idea of childhood has changed over time and evolves
in the past childhood seen as innocence that need protection
in postmodernity childhood seen in many different ways, viewed as innocent, source of worry & consumers
kids more closely watched
relationships become more unstable, feelings of insecurity created -> children become adults refuge from uncertainty
100
what is demography
the study of populations and their characteristics
101
what does tipper (2008) argue
children create their own definition of family
102
what factors cause population increase
births
immigration
103
what factors cause population decrease
deaths
emigration
104
what is birth rate
number of births per 1000 of the population per year
105
what is total fertility rate
number of women of childbearing age (15-44) and how fertile they are (number of children they have)
106
what are reasons for decline in birth rates
changes in women's positions
decline in infant mortality rate
children are an economic liability
child centredness
107
how does changes in women's position cause low birth rates
right to vote
increased educational opportunities
more women working
harper (2012)
108
what does harper (2012) say about women's positions
education of women is the most important reason for fall in birth rates
led to change in mindset among women
more likely to use contraception, see other responsibilities in life apart from being a housewife
choosing to have children later or not at all to pursue a career
109
how does decline in infant mortality rate effect birth rates
harper argues parents have less children if infants survive, rather than having more children to replace the dead ones
110
what was the UK's infant mortality rate in 1950 and 2012
1950 - 30
2012 - 4
111
what do brass and kabir (1978) argue
trend of smaller families started in urban areas
112
how does children being a economic liability effect birth rate
children used to be economic assets -> work from early age
now economic liability -> laws banning child labour, compulsory school
economically dependent
less willing to have more kids
113
how does child centredness effect birth rate
quantity->quality
invest more attention and money into children
114
how does immigration effect birth rate
increase
women outside the UK have higher fertility rates
babies born to mothers outside the UK accounted for 25% of all births in 2011
115
how does changes in fertility effect the family
more dual earner couples due to less kids
richer may have bigger families, can afford childcare and still work
116
how does changes in fertility effect the dependency ratio
children make up dependent population so reduce the burden of dependency on working population
117
how does changes in fertility effect public services
fewer schools and maternity wards required
affects cost of maternity and paternity leave
creates ageing population
118
what is death rate
number of deaths per 1000 of the population
119
what is life expectancy
average number of years a person is expected to live
120
what was the death rate in 1900 and 2012
1900 - 19
2012 - 8
121
what are the reasons for decline in death rate
improved nutrition
medical improvements
smoking and diet
public health measures
122
what does tranter (1996) state
over 3/4 of the decline in death rate in the past was due to fall in deaths from infectious diseases
123
how did improved nutrition affect death rate and what is the sociologist linked to it
stricter food safety regulations, minimised foodborne illnesses
mckeown (1972) improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates
better nutrition increased resistance to infection and increased survival chances of the infected
124
what does mckeown fail to acknowledge
why females w/ smaller share of family food lived longer the males
fails to explain why deaths from infectious diseases e.g measles rose at time of improving nutrition
125
how did medical improvements affect death rates
development of antibiotics, vaccines and surgery techniques
nhs set up in 1948
126
how did smoking and diet affect death rates
anti smoking campaigns
harper states the reduction of people smoking has caused a fall in death rates
in 2012 1/4 of all uk adults were obese
127
state a trend of life expectancy
males born in 1900 had life expectancy of 50
while in 2013 it was 90
128
what does harper say about life expectancy
predicts we will achieve radical longevity with more centenarians (people over 100)
currently there are 10000, by 2100 there will be 1 million
129
how does socioeconomic status affect life expectancy
people in affluent backgrounds live longer than those from deprived backgrounds e.g in the uk there's a 9 year gap for males
130
how does occupation affect life expectancy
manual laborers & those in lower paid jobs have shorter life expectancies compared to professionals b/c of lifestyle differences, access to healthcare and working conditions
131
how does gender affect life expectancy
women have higher than men in the uk
women is 83, men is 79
132
what factors cause an ageing population
increasing life expectancy
declining infant mortality
declining fertility
133
how does an ageing population effect public services
demand on health and social services
134
how does an ageing population affect one pensioner households
1/8 of all households
most of these are females, as they live longer
135
what is the feminisation of later life
there are twice as many women as men in later life
136
how does an ageing population affect the dependency ratio
economically dependent, need to be provided for through taxes
in 2015 there was 3 working people for 1 pensioner, predicted to be 2 for 1 pensioner in 2033
137
what is ageism
negative stereotyping/unequal treatment on the basis of age
138
what is old age in a modern society
excluded from paid work, economically dependent
status is determined by role in production
139
what does marxist philipson (1982) say
the old have no use in capitalism b/c they aren't productive
so the state are unwilling to support them financially
140
what is old age in a post modern society
blurred boundaries between life stages
consumption defines status
become market for 'body maintenance' services e.g gym and anti ageing products
141
what does hunt (2005) say about old age
we can choose a lifestyle/identity regardless of age
142
what is net migration
the net difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants
143
what are some push factors
economic recession
unemployment
144
what are some pull factors
higher wages
better opportunities
145
how does immigration effect age structure
directly immigrants tend to be younger
indirectly they are more fertile so have more babies
146
how does immigration effect dependency ratio
tend to be of working age so lower dr
have more children so increase it
147
what is the trend of migration in the uk
more immigrants
almost 2x more
148
what is globalisation
becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries
149
what is cultural hybridity
a culture that is a mix of two or more cultures, creating a new culture (a hybrid)
150
what does vertovec (2007) argue
globalisation has led to super diversity as migrants come from a wider range of countries
151
what are the 3 types of migrants identified by cohen
citizen
denizens
helots
152
what are citizens
have a full citizenship
153
what are denizens
privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state e.g billionaires
154
what are helots
exploited group
used as disposable units of labour power
found in poorly paid work
155
what is the feminisation of migration
almost half of all global migrants are female
156
what do ehrenreich and hochschild argue about migration
care, domestic and sex work in western countries are by women from poor countries
157
what does shutes say about migration
40% of adult care nurses in the UK are migrants
158
what is the global transfer of women's emotional labour
migrant nannies provide love and affection for their employers children at the expense of their own children in their country
159
what does eriksen say about migrants: transnational identities
migrants are less likely to see themselves belonging to one country/culture
they develop transnational identities (neither/nor)
160
what is assimilation
encourage migrants to adopt language, values, customs of host country to make them 'like us'
161
what is tricky about assimilation
migrants may be unwilling to abandon their culture or see themselves belonging to one place
162
what is multiculturalism
accepts migrants may wish to have separate cultural identity
163
what does eriksen say about the politicisation of migration
shallow diversity - some parts of foreign culture are acceptable e.g chicken tikka
deep diversity - things like veiling may be unacceptable to the state
164
what does castles say about assimilation policies
counter productive leading to minority groups being 'othered'
breeds exclusion
165
what does castles and kosack say about assimilation policies
benefits capitalism by racially dividing the w/c, fighting eachother, preventing united action
166
what are trends in divorce
increase in number of divorces
40% of marriages will end in divorce
in 1946 37% of divorces were initiated by women, now 65%
167
before 1857 how were divorces obtained
special or costly act of parliament
168
what year did divorce become equal for men and women
1923
169
what did the 1949 law reform do
made divorces affordable
170
what did the divorce reform act do
1969
the idea of a guilty party was abolished
irretrievable breakdown became the sole ground for divorce
171
what are the explanations for increase in divorce
changes in law
declining stigma
secularisation
higher expectations
women's increased financial independence
feminist explanations
modernity and individualisation
172
increase in divorce: changes in law
making it affordable
widening the grounds
equalising the gender grounds
173
increase in divorce: declining stigma
less social disapproval
rather than being seen as shameful, viewed as a misfortune
174
what does goody say about divorces
since 1960s rapid decline in stigma attached to divorce
175
increase in divorce: secularisation
religious institutions losing their influence
society becoming more secular
churches have softened views on divorce
176
increase in divorce: higher expectations
higher expectations make people less likely to tolerate unhappy marriages
linked to the ideology of romantic love
177
what theory does fletcher write from
functionalism
178
what does fletcher say about divorce
higher expectations in marriage contribute to rising divorce rates
179
what is the functionalist optimistic view on divorce
marriage still popular, remarriage rates
180
increase in divorce: women's increased financial independence
in paid work
53% working women in 1972, 67% in 2013
equal pay act
welfare benefits, don't have to depend on husband
181
increase in divorce: feminist explanations
deal w/ dual burden creates conflict leading to divorce
marriage is patriarchal - triple shift
182
what does hochschild say about divorce
men resist housework causing frustration, marriage less stable
183
increase in divorce: modernity and individualisation
free to pursue own interests
relationships are more fragile b/c seeking pure relationship to satisfy their needs
184
what is individualisation thesis
individuals are free to pursue their own self interest
185
what does new right think of high divorce rates
undesirable
undermines family and marriage, traditional nuclear family which is vital to social stability
creates growing underclass of welfare dependent female lone parents
186
what do feminists think of high divorce rates
desirable as women break free from oppression of patriarchal nuclear family
187
what do postmodernists and individualisation thesis say about high divorce rates
reflects freedom to end relationships when it no longer meets their needs
growing family diversity
188
what do functionalists say about high divorce rates
not necessarily threat to marriage
remarriage rates are high demonstrates continuing commitment to idea of marriage
189
who are the interactionists linked to high divorce rates
morgan and goody
190
what does morgan say about high divorce rates
can’t generalise meaning of divorce every individual is different
191
what does goody say about high divorce rates
interviewee described dad leaving as best day of her life, the other said she never recovered
192
what do personal life perspective think of high divorce rates
divorce can cause problems e.g financial difficulties
193
what does smart say linked to high divorce rates ~ personal life perspective
divorce has become normalised and family life can adapt
rather than seeing divorce as a problem we should see it as a transition among others in the life course
194
what are trends in marriage
marriage rates lowest since 1920s
2012 1/3 of all marriages were remarriages
average age of first marriage is 30 for women
195
reasons for decline of marriage
cohabitation
secularisation
changing attitudes
changing positions of women
declining stigma
196
what is cohabitation
unmarried couples in sexual relationship living together
197
how many cohabiting couples are there
2.9 mil heterosexual
69000 same sex
198
reasons for increase in cohabitation
young are more likely to cohabit
women are financially independent
secularisation
199
what does chester argue about cohabitation
cohabitation is part of the process of getting married
200
what does coast argue about cohabitation
73% of cohabiting couples expect to marry eachother
201
what did shelton & john say about cohabitation
cohabiting women do less housework than married women
202
what does beijing say about cohabitation
cohabitation among young people represents a conscious attempt to create a equal relationship than conventional marriages
203
what does stonewall say about same sex relations
5-7% of adult population have same sex relationships
204
what law is related to same sex
male homosexual acts decriminalised in 1967
205
what is the statistic of living apart together
duncan and philips found 1 in 10 adults are living apart together
206
trends in lone parents
1 in 4 families are lone parent families
over 90% are headed by mothers
207
who are the names linked to female headed lone families
renvoize
cashmore
208
what does renvoize (1985) state
professional women are able to support their child w/o the father's involvement
209
what does cashmore (1985) state
w/c women w/ less earning power choose to live on welfare benefits, b/c they've experienced abuse
210
what is perverse incentive
rewarding irresponsible behaviour
211
what does murray argue perverse incentive lead to
dependency culture
212
what is murray's solution to dependency culture
abolish welfare benefits/state
213
what do ferri and smith (1998) state
step families are at greater risk of poverty
214
trends: people per househol for asians and black people
asian - 4.4
black - 2.4
white - 2.4
215
what does ballard say about asian families
extended family ties provided important source of support among asian migrants
216
trends lone parent household black and asian
1/2 black familis are lone parents
compared to 1/9 asian families
217
what does wilmott say about the extended family
dispersed but not completely disappeared
maintain frequent contact through calls and visits
218
why do the new right regard lone parent families as harmful to children
mothers can't discipline their children properly
boys have no role model
their poorer and burden welfare state
219
what does benson say about marriage and cohabitation
marriage is more stable
cohabitation allows couples to avoid commitment and responsibility
220
notes on chester: neo conventional family
increased family diversity
nuclear -> neo conventional family
not significant or negative
no major change, nuclear still ideal
the extent of family diversity is exaggerated
220
what is a neo conventional family
dual earner family
221
what do the rapoports say about family diversity
reflects greater choice, freedom and acceptance of alternative cultures
positive response to different needs
222
what are the 5 types of diversity according to the rapoports
life stage
organisational
generational
cultural
social class
223
what is the organisational family type
differences in how family roles are organised
e.g separate or conjugal roles
224
what is cultural family diversity
cultures, ethnicities and religions have different family structures
225
what is social class diversity
differences in family structure due to income
226
what is life stage family diversity
family structure differs due to stag in life cycle e.g newly weds
227
what is generational family diversity
older & younger generations have different views e.g homosexuality
228
modernist view of family diversity
emphasise dominance of nuclear family
structural/top down approach
family is a structure that shapes members
family is predictable, orderly and structured
229
postmodernist view of family diversity
society entered chaotic postmodern shift
family structures are fragmented
230
what does stacey say about postmodern families
greater freedom & choice benefit women
free from patriarchal control, can shape family to meet their needs
231
what did stacey find out from their research
interviews
women are main agent of change in families
create families to meet their needs e.g divorce extended families
232
what does giddens say about the pure relationship
family transformed by greater choice and equality
pr solely to satisfy each other's needs
stay together for love, happiness, sexual attraction not b/c of a duty or kids
233
what does beck say about the negotiated family
family roles aren't predetermined by traditional norms but from negotiation between members
modern families characterised by flexibility and negotiation
234
criticism of giddens
his view is from a white m/c man, not everyone has the same privilege
budgeon (2011) exagerates how much choice people have about family relationships, traditional norms limit relationships
235
who came up with the connectedness thesis
smart
236
what is the connectedness thesis
we're not isolated individuals, smart argues we're social beings
choices made within 'web of connectedness'
existing & past relationships influence choices
237
what is a social policy
plans or actions of state agencies
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an example of a social policy across the world
one child policy
couples who complied received extra benefits such as free healthcare
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what is the functionalist view on social policies
acts in interest of society
helps families perform functions effectively
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what does fletcher say about social policies
introduction of health, education and housing policies has led to the development of the welfare state that supports the family
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a03 for functionalist view on social policies
fem - policies benefit men at the expense of women
marx - takes march of progress view that policies are improving family life, h/e policies can reverse progress e.g cutting welfare benefits
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what view does donzelot have
conflict view
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what does donzelot argue
policies form of control
professionals e.g social workers exercise power over clients
use their knowledge to control and change families
'policing of families'
poor people are more likely to be 'problem families' for professionals to target
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what perspective does almond write from
new right
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what does almond argue policies do to families
divorce laws undermine marriage as lifelong commitment
civil partnerships -> state no longer regard heterosexual marriage as superior
laws discriminate against conventional families, pay more tax than dual earner
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what does murray say policies do to families
critical of welfare state, too generous
perverse incentive
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what is the new rights solution to dependency culture
cuts on welfare
deny council housing
state promote greater self reliance
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a03 of new right
fem - attempt to return to patriarchal nuclear family
wallace - cutting benefits further drive poor families into poverty
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what does feminist land say about social policies
assume ideal family is patriarchal nuclear family
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how do taxes and benefits reinforce patriarchy according to feminists
assume husband main earner, wives dependent
hard for women to claim social security benefits w/o husband
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how do childcare policies reinforce patriarchy
timetables & holidays mothers are restricted from working
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what does leonard argue about patriarchal policies
even when policies appear to supprt women, still reinforce patriarchy e.g child benfit for mothers assume childcare is her responsibility
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who came up with gender regimes
drew
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what are the 2 gender regimes
familistic gende regimes
indiviualistic gender regimes
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explain familistic gender regimes
policies based on traditional division e.g little welfare support
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explain individualistic gender regimes
policies based on belief, husband and wife should be treated the sam
not assumed that wives are financially independent
