Fallacies

Question 1

affirming the consequence

Answer 1

even if both premises are true, they do not guarantee the truth of the conclusion

Question 2

petitio principii

Answer 2

begging the question, tactic of assuming what you need to prove

Question 3

ad hominem

Answer 3

instead of criticising claim, criticise person making it

Question 4

equivocation

Answer 4

same term is used variably in different parts of the argument

Question 5

post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Answer 5

‘correlation does not imply causation’, inferring that something is responsible for something else because the former precedes the latter

Question 6

retrodiction

Answer 6

reasoning from the present to the past

Question 7

direct inference

Answer 7

reasoning from populations to samples

Question 8

induction-to-causes

Answer 8

reasoning from effects to causes

Question 9

induction-to-unobservables

Answer 9

reasoning from observables to unobservables

Question 10

instance-to-the-next-instance

Answer 10

reasoning from one or more observed instances to the next instance

Question 11

enumerative induction

Answer 11

reasoning from one or more particular instances to all instances

Question 12

disjunction introduction

Answer 12

A, therefore A or B

Question 13

conjunction elimination

Answer 13

A and B, therefore A

Question 14

disjunction elimination

Answer 14

A or B, not A therefore B

Question 15

what do truth tables show?

Answer 15

validity and consistency

Question 16

a posteriori

Answer 16

knowledge based on facts/past events

Question 17

modus tollens

Answer 17

if A then B, not B therefore not A

Question 18

modus ponens

Answer 18

if A then B, A therefore B

Question 19

reductio ad absurdum

Answer 19

proposition disproved by following implications to logically absurd conlusion

Question 20

negation elimination

Answer 20

removes double negatives

Question 21

contraposition

Answer 21

if A then B, not A therefore not B

Question 22

necessary condition

Answer 22

something which must be present for another condition to occur

Question 23

sufficient condition

Answer 23

something which produces said condition

Question 24

conditional proof

Answer 24

something which proves if A then B

Question 25

reasoning by contradiction

Answer 25

proves proposition by showing that assuming proposition is false leads to contradiction

Question 26

circular reasoning

Answer 26

fallacy in which reasoning begins with what are trying to end with

Question 27

law of non-contradiction

Answer 27

contradictory propositions cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time

Question 28

logical equivalence

Answer 28

two statements with the same truth values for every intrepretation

Question 29

synthetic statements

Answer 29

opposite of analytic, any statement which cannot be determined by linguistic meaning alone

Question 30

even if both premises are true, they do not guarantee the truth of the conclusion

Answer 30

affirming the consequence

Question 31

begging the question, tactic of assuming what you need to prove

Answer 31

petitio principii

Question 32

instead of criticising claim, criticise person making it

Answer 32

ad hominem

Question 33

same term is used variably in different parts of the argument

Answer 33

equivocation

Question 34

‘correlation does not imply causation’, inferring that something is responsible for something else because the former precedes the latter

Answer 34

post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Question 35

reasoning from the present to the past

Answer 35

retrodiction

Question 36

reasoning from populations to samples

Answer 36

direct inference

Question 37

reasoning from effects to causes

Answer 37

induction-to-causes

Question 38

reasoning from observables to unobservables

Answer 38

induction-to-unobservables

Question 39

reasoning from one or more observed instances to the next instance

Answer 39

instance-to-the-next-instance

Question 40

reasoning from one or more particular instances to all instances

Answer 40

enumerative induction

Question 41

A, therefore A or B

Answer 41

disjunction introduction

Question 42

A and B, therefore A

Answer 42

conjunction elimination

Question 43

A or B, not A therefore B

Answer 43

disjunction elimination

Question 44

validity and consistency

Answer 44

what do truth tables show?

Question 45

knowledge based on facts/past events

Answer 45

a posteriori

Question 46

if A then B, not B therefore not A

Answer 46

modus tollens

Question 47

if A then B, A therefore B

Answer 47

modus ponens

Question 48

proposition disproved by following implications to logically absurd conlusion

Answer 48

reductio ad absurdum

Question 49

removes double negatives

Answer 49

negation elimination

Question 50

if A then B, not A therefore not B

Answer 50

contraposition

Question 51

something which must be present for another condition to occur

Answer 51

necessary condition

Question 52

something which produces said condition

Answer 52

sufficient condition

Question 53

something which proves if A then B

Answer 53

conditional proof

Question 54

proves proposition by showing that assuming proposition is false leads to contradiction

Answer 54

reasoning by contradiction

Question 55

fallacy in which reasoning begins with what are trying to end with

Answer 55

circular reasoning

Question 56

contradictory propositions cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time

Answer 56

law of non-contradiction

Question 57

two statements with the same truth values for every intrepretation

Answer 57

logical equivalence

Question 58

opposite of analytic, any statement which cannot be determined by linguistic meaning alone

Answer 58

synthetic statements