fallacies

Question 1

consist in using a word that has the same spelling or sound, but a different meaning, in different parts of an argument.

Answer 1

equivocation

Question 2

is syntactical ambiguity. it consists in using a phrase whose individual words are univocal but whose meaning is ambiguous because the grammatical construction can be interpreted in various ways

Answer 2

amphiboly

Question 3

consists in taking words or phrases as a unit when they should be taken separately.

Answer 3

composition

Question 4

is the converse of the fallacy of composition and consists in taking separately what should be taken together as a unit.

Answer 4

division

Question 5

consist in the ambiguous use of a word that has different meanings when it is accented differently

Answer 5

accent

Question 6

is a special type of false analogy that consists in wrongly inferring similarity of meaning from similarity if word structure.

Answer 6

figures of speech

Question 7

consists in affirming or denying of a thing what has been affirmed or denied only of some accidental modification or condition of the thing, or vise vice versa

Answer 7

accident

Question 8

consist in using a principle that is restricted in its applicability as though it were an absolutely universal principle, and thus applying it to cases for which it was not intended.
consists in assuming that an absolute statement is implied in a qualified, or limited, statement when it is actually not implied therein.

Answer 8

confusion of absolute and qualified statement

Question 9

consist in providing a conclusion other than the one that should be proved

Answer 9

ignoratio elenchi

Question 10

ignores the issue and attacks the person of an opponent instead. It includes such things as personal abuse, attack on man’s character or nationality or religion, “mud slinging,” “name calling,” charges of inconsistency, retorting an argument and so on.

Answer 10

Argumentum ad Hominem

Question 11

is an appeal to popular prejudices rather than to reason. Every election year supplies altogether too many examples of this fallacy.

Answer 11

Argumentum ad Populum (appeal to the people)

Question 12

ignores the point at issue and appeals, instead, to our instinct to have compassion on the unfortunate.

Answer 12

Argumentum ad Misericordiam (appeal to pity)

Question 13

is an appeal to misplaced authority. It aims at overawing people by appealing to the misplaced authority or to the dignity of those who hold an opinion rather than to their special competence in matter under discussion. 5.) Argumentum ad Baculum (appeal to the stick) – is an appeal to physical force or moral pressure.

Answer 13

Argumentum ad Verecundiam

Question 14

is an appeal to physical force or moral pressure.

Answer 14

Argumentum ad Baculum (appeal to the stick)

Question 15

consist in assuming under some form or other the conclusion that should be proved and using it as a premise to prove the very same conclusion.

Answer 15

begging the question

Question 16

consist in drawing an absurd conclusion from an assumption that is falsely imputed to an opponent or wrongly assumed to underlie a thesis.

Answer 16

false cause

Question 17

consist in inferring that an antecedent is true because its consequent is true, or that a consequent is false because its antecedent is false.

Answer 17

consequent

Question 18

consists in asking either a multiple question as though it were a single question- or a question involving a supposition as though it involving no supposition - and then demanding a simple yes or no for an answer and thus tricking someone into making admissions he did not intent to make.

Answer 18

many questions

Question 19

is the Latin for “it does not follow.” in a sense every invalid argument is a sequitur, just as every invalid argument is also an ignoratio elechi; but the name “non sequitur” is generally restricted to a series of true but unrelated propositions that simulate the structure of a syllogism

Answer 19

non sequitur

Question 20

infers that a statement is false because it cannot be proved , or true because it cannot be refuted. The assumption that a man is guilty until he proves himself not guilty is an example of this fallacy.

Answer 20

The Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam , or Appeal to Ignorance

Question 21

consists in selection only the fact that favor an opinion and suppressing, or ignoring, all fact that are against it.

Answer 21

fallacy of suppressing the fact

Question 22

infers that an alleged fact did not take place because it is not recorded in writings in which it would surely have been recorded if it had taken place. This argument can be legitimate, but is often misused. To know for certain that, if an event had taken place, it would have been recorded is often difficult and frequently impossible

Answer 22

the argument from silence

Question 23

consists in using a false principle or false statement of fact as an unexpressed premise (or at least as a presupposition) of an argument.

Answer 23

the fallacy of false assumption

Question 24

consists in masking a generalization on insufficient evident.

Answer 24

fallacies of illicit generalization

Question 25

will be treated in connection with induction. Actually it is an ignoratio elenchi.

Answer 25

the fallacy of false analogy