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Philosophy > Fallacies > Flashcards

Fallacies Flashcards

1
Q

What type of fallacy looks at the form of a deductive argument?

A

Formal

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2
Q

What type of fallacy looks at the context of an argument?

A

Informal

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3
Q

What is a fallacy?

A

A defect in an argument with the illusion that a bad argument is good

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4
Q

What s the undistributed middle?

A

The blank term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed in at least one of the premises.

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5
Q

What is a fallacy of relevance?

A

When the evidence only seems to support the conclusion (it can be psychological)

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6
Q

Appeal to force

A

Always involves a threat by the arguer to the physical/ psychological well being of the listener

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7
Q

Appeal to pity

A

Argue tries to support the conclusion by evoking this from the listener whether directed toward the argue or some third party (truth is not the objective)

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8
Q

Appeal to the people

A

Argue uses the listeners desire for love, esteem, etc. To get them to accept the conclusion.

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9
Q

Appeal to the people (direct)

A

Argue excites the emotions of a crowd

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10
Q

appeal to the people (indirect)

A

Argue aims appeal @ one or more individuals in the crowd.

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11
Q

Bandwagon fallacy

A

Tries to persuade by stating or insinuating that you should adopt some View because every one else has adopted it

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12
Q

Appeal to Vanity

A

Convince by insinuating you should adopt some position because dang so will mare you popular, beautiful, etc

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13
Q

Appeal to snobbery

A

Persuades listeners by implying that adopting some views or plan of action will will make ore superior.

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14
Q

Appeal to tradition

A

Argues something is correct simply because Its a long standing practice.

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15
Q

Ad hominem abusive

A

Verbal insults against the personality, traits, or identity of an opponent rather than directly addressing the merits of an argument.

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16
Q

Ad hominem circumstantial

A

Casts aspirations on an opponents circumstances rather than directly addressing the merits of an argument

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17
Q

Tu quoque

A

Accuses the opponent of hypocrisy or of arguing in bad faith rather than directly addressing the merits of an argument

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18
Q

Accident fallacy

A

Attempts to lure someone into accepting a conclusion by appearing to some general rule that was broad appeal or acceptance among listeners (overgeneralization)

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19
Q

Straw man

A

Distorts an opposing argument so it appears easier to rebut than it actually is.

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20
Q

Red herring

A

Argue diverts the listeners attention from the real subject matter by changing the subject your of sequence)

21
Q

Missing the point

A

Premises of an argument support one particular conclusion but then a different conclusion is drawn.

22
Q

What is weak induction?

A

Mimic the form of inductive arguments but rely on premises that are clearly inadequate

23
Q

Appeal to authority

A

An expert is cited but he is an expert in a different field or when there is no consensus among experts in that field

24
Q

Appeal to ignorance

A

When the premises imply that no conclusion has been proved about something but the conclusion makes a definite assertion about that thing

25
Q

Hasty generalization

A

When the conclusion is based on inssuficient evidence

26
Q

Lazy generalization

A

When the evidence is stronger than the conclusion drawn

27
Q

Forgetful induction

A

Speaker leaves out info that could effect the conclusion

28
Q

False cause

A

A typical casual inference but the link between the premise and the conclusion of the fallacious argument depends on some imagined cause that probably doesn’t exist

29
Q

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

A

This variety of the false cause fallacy presupposes that just because one event precedes another, the first caused the second

30
Q

Non causa pro causa

A

One event is the cause of another but the mistake is NOT based on temporal succession

31
Q

Oversimplified cause

A

When a multitude of causes is responsible for a certain effect but the arguer selects just ONE of the causes and represents it as if it were the sole cause.

32
Q

Gamblers fallacy

A

Whenever the conclusion of an arguments depend of the supposition that the independent antecedent events are casually related.

33
Q

Slippery slope

A

Occurs when the conclusion of an argument rests on a possible chain of events that the speaker portrays as inevitable

34
Q

Weak analogy

A

A fallacy affecting analogous induction that is committed when the analogy is not strong enough to support the conclusion

35
Q

Fallacies of presumption

A

Assumes that which needs to be proven

36
Q

Begging the question

A

When the argument given in support of a conclusion assumes the conclusion is true

37
Q

Complex question

A

When a question is asked that presumes an answer to another, unexpressed question.

38
Q

False DIilemma

A

When disunited statements present two or more options as if they are the only possibilities or present them as if it’s necessarily an exclusive disjunctive

39
Q

Suppressed evidence

A

when the arguer ignores important evidence that could effect the conclusion

40
Q

Fallacies of ambiguity

A

Rely upon shifts in meaning between the premises and the conclusion

41
Q

Equivocation

A

Occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on the fact that a word/phrase is used in two different sentences in the argument.

42
Q

Amphiboly

A

Committed when the argument contains grammatically ambiguous statements that lead to mistaken interperetations

43
Q

Fallacies of illicit transference

A

Involve mistakenly concluding that attributes of one person or object are shared by another

44
Q

Composition

A

Characteristics of the parts are erroneously attributed to the whole (ex. If you have a whole team of all star bball players, the team will win)

45
Q

Division

A

Committed when the characteristics of the whole are erroniously attributed to the parts

46
Q

Argument from silence

A

Argues something is true because it cannot be proven false (can’t prove therefore it must)

47
Q

Genetic fallacy

A

Argues that a position is false because of some detail of its origin

48
Q

Self-referential incoherence

A

Statement does not live up to its own statement

49
Q

Conformation bias

A

The tendency that people have to value information that supports their presuppositions over information that is contrary to them.

Philosophy (3 decks)

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