Fallacies

Question 1

Fallacy

Answer 1

A defect in an argument that arises from a mistake in reasoning or the creation of an illusion that makes a bad argument appear good

Question 2

Formal fallacy

Answer 2

A fallacy that can be identified by merely examining the form or structure of an argument

Question 3

Informal fallacies

Answer 3

A fallacy that can be detected only through analysis of the contents of an argument; avoiding; detecting in ordinary language; generally

Question 4

Fallacies of relevance

Answer 4

A group of informal fallacies that occur because the premises of an argument are irrelevant to the conclusion

Question 5

Appeal to force

Answer 5

An informal fallacy that occurs when an argued threatens a reader or listener for the purpose of getting him or her accept a conclusion

Question 6

Appeal to pity

Answer 6

An informal fallacy that occurs when an argues attempts to evoke pity from a reader or listener for the purpose of getting him or her to accept a conclusion

Question 7

Appeal to the people

Answer 7

An informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer plays on a certain psychological needs for the purpose of getting the reader or listener to accept a conclusion

Question 8

Appeal to fear

Answer 8

A variety of appeal to the people that occurs when an arguer trumps up a fear of something and then uses that fear as the premise for some conclusion

Question 9

Bandwagon argument

Answer 9

A variety of the appeal-to-the-people fallacy that occurs when the arguer plays on the reader’s or listener’s need to feel part of a group, “Barbara”, syllogism, Barcan Formula, Barometer, invention of, Barrow, Harriet, Bayesian, Thomas

Question 10

Appeal to vanity

Answer 10

A variety of the appeal-to-the-people fallacy that occurs when an arguer plays on the vanity of the reader or listener

Question 11

Appeal to snobbery

Answer 11

A variety of the appeal-to-the-people fallacy that occurs when the arguer plays on the reader’s or listener’s need to feel superior

Question 12

Appeal to tradition

Answer 12

A fallacy that occurs when an arguer cites the fact that something has become a tradition as grounds for a conclusion

Question 13

Argument against the person

Answer 13

An informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer verbally attacks the person of a second arguer for the purpose of discrediting his or her argument

Question 14

Ad hominem abusive

Answer 14

A variety of the argument-against-the-person fallacy that occurs when an arguer verbally abused a second arguer for the purpose of discrediting that person’s argument

Question 15

Ad hominem circumstantial

Answer 15

A variety of the argument-against-the-person fallacy that occurs when an arguer cites circumstances that affect a second arguer, for the purpose of discrediting that person’s argument, Adams, John Couch

Question 16

The fallacy of accident

Answer 16

An informal fallacy that occurs when a general rule is wrongly applied to an atypical specific case, Ackerman, Wilhelm, Ad hoc, modifications, Ad hominem

Question 17

Straw man

Answer 17

A fallacy that occurs when the arguer misinterprets an opponent’s position for the purpose of more easily attacking it, demolishes the misinterpreted argument, and then proceeds to conclude that the original argument has been demolished, Striking predictions

Question 18

Missing the point

Answer 18

An informal fallacy that occurs when the premise of an argument entails one particular conclusion but a completely different conclusion is actually drawn, Mnemonic device, for distribution; for sufficient conditions, necessary conditions, Mob mentality

Question 19

Red herring

Answer 19

A fallacy that occurs when the arguer diverts the attention of the reader or listener by addressing extraneous issues and finishes by presuming that some conclusion has been established, Redi, Francesco, Reducing the number of terms in a categorical syllogism, reference, regression line, relation

Question 20

Fallacies of weak induction

Answer 20

A group of informal fallacies that occur because the connection between the premises and conclusion is not strong enough to support the conclusion

Question 21

The appeal to unqualified authority

Answer 21

An informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer cites the testimony of an unqualified authority in support of a conclusion

Question 22

Appeal to ignorance

Answer 22

An informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer uses the fact that nothing has been proved about something, as evidence in support of some conclusion about that thing

Question 23

Fallacies of presumption

Answer 23

A group of informal fallacies that occur when the premises of an argument presume what they purport to prove

Question 24

Fallacies of ambiguity

Answer 24

A group of fallacies that occur because of an ambiguity in the premises or conclusion, fallacies of categorical syllogisms

Question 25

Fallacies of Illicit transference

Answer 25

A group of informal fallacies that involves the incorrect transference of an attribute from the parts of something onto the whole, from the whole onto the parts

Question 26

Begging the question ( Petitio Principii )

Answer 26

An informal fallacy that occurs when the arguer creates the illusion that inadequate premises provide adequate support for the conclusion-by leaving out a key premise, by restating the conclusion as a premise, or by reasoning in a circle, Benassi, Victor A., Bentham, Jeremy, Berti, Gasparo

Question 27

Complex question

Answer 27

An informal fallacy that occurs when a single question that is really two or more questions is asked, and a single answer is applied to both questions

Question 28

False dichotomy

Answer 28

An informal fallacy that is committed when an arguer presents two nonjointly exhaustive alternatives as if they were jointly exhaustive and then eliminates one, leaving the other as the conclusion, Falsifiability criterion

Question 29

Suppressed Evidence

Answer 29

A fallacy that occurs when the arguer ignores relevant evidence that outweighs the presented evidence and entails a very different conclusion

Question 30

The fallacy of equivocation

Answer 30

An informal fallacy that occurs because some word or group of words is used either implicitly or explicitly in two different senses; division and, escaping between the horns of a dilemma.
Exp. premises > word or phrase used in two senses > conclusion

Question 31

The fallacy of amphiboly

Answer 31

An informal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on the misinterpretation of a statement that is ambiguous owing to some structural defect
Exp. premises- mentions ambiguous statement > conclusion- misinterprets that statement

Question 32

The fallacy of composition

Answer 32

An informal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on the erroneous transference of an attribute from the parts of something onto the hole
Exp. Parts > attribute is improperly transferred > whole

Question 33

The fallacy of division

Answer 33

An informal fallacy that occurs when the conclusion or an argument depends on the erroneous transferenceof an attribute