Arguements Flashcards
What is an argument
An argument is a set of statements, once or more of which is claimed to proud support for s or reasons believe to or accept, another statement
What is a statement?
A student is a sentence that is either true or false
What components must every argument here?
- A conclusion, or statement that the premises are claimed to support or imply
- At least one premises, or a statement that sets forth evidence for the conclusion
What are some conclusion indicator words?
- Therefore
- Accordingly
- Entails that
- Wherefore
- We may conclude
- Hence
- Thus
- Consequently
- We may infer
- So
- For this reason
- It must be that
- Given That
- For the reason that
- In as much
What are some common premise indictor words
- Since
- In That
- Seeing that
- For the reason that
- In as much as
- Owing to
- May be inferred from
- As
- Given That
- As indicated
- Because
- ## For
What are not Statements?
Question
Proposal
Suggestion
What are two central features to an corgument?
- It attmups to commence or prove, something to the reader or lister. This “something” is the conclusion
- It provides evidence in order to support the conclusion
What is a simple noninferential passage
A simple non inferential passage is a passage that does not attempt to prove anything. While such passages contain statements that could be premises or conclusions or both, what is missing is a claim that any potential supports a conclusion is supported by premises.
What is an illustrations ?
It is an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done
What is an explanation ?
An explanation is an expression that purports tu shed light on some event or phenomena
What is a conditional statement?
A conditional statement (hypothetical statement ) is an “if… then Statement
What is a sufficient condition?
A sufficient condition is a state affairs where the presence P guarantees the presence of q.
What is a necessary condition?
A necessary condition is an state of affords where the presence of Q guarantees the presence of P
EXP. B
What is an expository passage?
Is a type of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentience
What is a deductive argument?
It is an argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
Deductive - Very true
What is an inductive argument?
It is an argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true
Inductive - It can be true
An argument bused on mathematics …
Is an argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or meuswemit.
An argument from definition …
Is an argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion.
What is a syllogism?
It is an argument consisting of exactly two premises and one conclusion.
What is categorical syllogism?
It a syllogism in which each statement begins with one of the words “all”, “no”, or “some”.
What is a hypothetical syllogism ?
It is a syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises.
What is a disjunctive syllogism ?
It is a syllogism having a disjunctive statement
What is a prediction?
At prediction is an inductive argument that proceeds from anoushedge of some event in the relative past to a claim about some other event in the relative future.
What is an argument from an analogy?
It is an inductive argument that depends on the existence of u similarity between two things or states of affairs
What is an argument from authority?
It is an inductive argument in which the conclusion rests en a statement made by some presumed authority or witness
What is an argument based on signs?
It is an inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the signs symbolizes.
What is a casual inference?
It is an inductors inference that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, or from knowledge of an effect to en Elam about u cause.
Exp- Cause -> Effecct
- Effecct -> Cause
What is a valid deductive argument?
It is an argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
What is an invalid deductive argument?
It is an argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises is true.
What is a sound argument?
It is a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises.
What is an unsound argument?
It is a deductive argument that is invalid, has one or more false premises, or both
What is a strong inductive aryunet?
It is an inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true
What is a weak inductive argument?
It is an argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises, ever though it is claimed to.
What is a cogent argument?
It is an inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises
What is an uncogent argument?
It is an inductive argument that is week, has one or more false premises, fails to meet the total evidence requirement, or any combination of these.
Argument form
Is an arrangement of letters and words ( all and are) such that the uniform substitution of words or phrases in the place of the letters results in an argument . For this form, the words or phrases being substituted must refer to group of things
Substitution Instance
An argument or statement that has the same form as a given argument form or statement form; of an argument form, of a statement form, Sufficient and necessary condition; causality and
Counterexample method
A method for providing invalidity; consists in constructing a substitution instance having true premises and false conclusion; in predicate logic
