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Logic > Arguements > Flashcards

Arguements Flashcards

1
Q

What is an argument

A

An argument is a set of statements, once or more of which is claimed to proud support for s or reasons believe to or accept, another statement

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2
Q

What is a statement?

A

A student is a sentence that is either true or false

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3
Q

What components must every argument here?

A
  • A conclusion, or statement that the premises are claimed to support or imply
  • At least one premises, or a statement that sets forth evidence for the conclusion
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4
Q

What are some conclusion indicator words?

A
  • Therefore
  • Accordingly
  • Entails that
  • Wherefore
  • We may conclude
  • Hence
  • Thus
  • Consequently
  • We may infer
  • So
  • For this reason
  • It must be that
  • Given That
  • For the reason that
  • In as much
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5
Q

What are some common premise indictor words

A
  • Since
  • In That
  • Seeing that
  • For the reason that
  • In as much as
  • Owing to
  • May be inferred from
  • As
  • Given That
  • As indicated
  • Because
  • ## For
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6
Q

What are not Statements?

A

Question
Proposal
Suggestion

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7
Q

What are two central features to an corgument?

A
  • It attmups to commence or prove, something to the reader or lister. This “something” is the conclusion
  • It provides evidence in order to support the conclusion
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8
Q

What is a simple noninferential passage

A

A simple non inferential passage is a passage that does not attempt to prove anything. While such passages contain statements that could be premises or conclusions or both, what is missing is a claim that any potential supports a conclusion is supported by premises.

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9
Q

What is an illustrations ?

A

It is an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done

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10
Q

What is an explanation ?

A

An explanation is an expression that purports tu shed light on some event or phenomena

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11
Q

What is a conditional statement?

A

A conditional statement (hypothetical statement ) is an “if… then Statement

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12
Q

What is a sufficient condition?

A

A sufficient condition is a state affairs where the presence P guarantees the presence of q.

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13
Q

What is a necessary condition?

A

A necessary condition is an state of affords where the presence of Q guarantees the presence of P
EXP. B

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14
Q

What is an expository passage?

A

Is a type of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentience

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15
Q

What is a deductive argument?

A

It is an argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true

Deductive - Very true

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16
Q

What is an inductive argument?

A

It is an argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true

Inductive - It can be true

17
Q

An argument bused on mathematics …

A

Is an argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or meuswemit.

18
Q

An argument from definition …

A

Is an argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion.

19
Q

What is a syllogism?

A

It is an argument consisting of exactly two premises and one conclusion.

20
Q

What is categorical syllogism?

A

It a syllogism in which each statement begins with one of the words “all”, “no”, or “some”.

21
Q

What is a hypothetical syllogism ?

A

It is a syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises.

22
Q

What is a disjunctive syllogism ?

A

It is a syllogism having a disjunctive statement

23
Q

What is a prediction?

A

At prediction is an inductive argument that proceeds from anoushedge of some event in the relative past to a claim about some other event in the relative future.

24
Q

What is an argument from an analogy?

A

It is an inductive argument that depends on the existence of u similarity between two things or states of affairs

25
Q

What is an argument from authority?

A

It is an inductive argument in which the conclusion rests en a statement made by some presumed authority or witness

26
Q

What is an argument based on signs?

A

It is an inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the signs symbolizes.

27
Q

What is a casual inference?

A

It is an inductors inference that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, or from knowledge of an effect to en Elam about u cause.
Exp- Cause -> Effecct
- Effecct -> Cause

28
Q

What is a valid deductive argument?

A

It is an argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true

29
Q

What is an invalid deductive argument?

A

It is an argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises is true.

30
Q

What is a sound argument?

A

It is a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises.

31
Q

What is an unsound argument?

A

It is a deductive argument that is invalid, has one or more false premises, or both

32
Q

What is a strong inductive aryunet?

A

It is an inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true

33
Q

What is a weak inductive argument?

A

It is an argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises, ever though it is claimed to.

34
Q

What is a cogent argument?

A

It is an inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises

35
Q

What is an uncogent argument?

A

It is an inductive argument that is week, has one or more false premises, fails to meet the total evidence requirement, or any combination of these.

36
Q

Argument form

A

Is an arrangement of letters and words ( all and are) such that the uniform substitution of words or phrases in the place of the letters results in an argument . For this form, the words or phrases being substituted must refer to group of things

37
Q

Substitution Instance

A

An argument or statement that has the same form as a given argument form or statement form; of an argument form, of a statement form, Sufficient and necessary condition; causality and

38
Q

Counterexample method

A

A method for providing invalidity; consists in constructing a substitution instance having true premises and false conclusion; in predicate logic

Logic (2 decks)

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