Failure Of 1848 Revolutions

Question 1

Factors

Answer 1

Foreign Intervention
Reaction of papacy
Piedmont’s weaknesses
Lack of revolutionary unity (and popular support)

Question 2

When did Austria withdraw to Quadrilateral?

And from where?

Answer 2

From Lombardy

March 1848

Question 3

When did Metternich resign?

Answer 3

March 1848

Question 4

Victories over Piedmont (Austria)3

Answer 4

Custozza- July 1848
Novara- March 1849
Collapse of Venetia Republic- Aug 1849

Question 5

Examples of Austrian counter revolutionary methods

Answer 5

Censorship

Secret police

Question 6

How many troops and how long did it take for French to defeat Garibaldi in Rome?

Answer 6

20 000 troops

2 months

Question 7

When did Rome surrender to French?

Answer 7

July 1849

Question 8

In what ways were the French violent in taking Rome?

Answer 8

Hunted rebels
Interrogated people
Public executions

Question 9

How significant was Austrian and French intervention?

Answer 9

Austria- limited geographically and short term
Most significant long term cause in the north

French- strong militarily, Republic could not contend

Question 10

When was the papal allocution?

Answer 10

April 1848

Question 11

What is an exponent?

Answer 11

Person who supports an idea and tries to persuade people of its truth

Question 12

When did French Austrian and Neapolitan troops enter the Papal States?

Answer 12

April 1849

Question 13

Effect of papacy’s reaction on Neo-Guelphists

Answer 13

Exponents on neoguelphism lost leader and became disillusioned with revolutionaries

Question 14

Judgement -reaction of papacy

Answer 14

Undermined revolutions by reducing opposition strength

Short term- damaged foreign involvement
Long term- affected Piedmontese army

Question 15

What caused nationalist cause to become anti clerical?

Answer 15

Papal allocution

Question 16

Why was maintaining an army difficult? Piedmont

Answer 16

Charles Albert refused recruits unless they swore allegiance to Piedmont

Question 17

What did Piedmont actually want?

Answer 17

Annexation of northern states not national unity

Question 18

Why were Piedmont weak? Judgment

Answer 18

Would have needed foreign support for victory/greater long term success

Question 19

What phrase explains the peasants lack of in involvement?

Answer 19

Political apathy

Question 20

People only cared about local affairs

Answer 20

Parochialism

Question 21

What was aim in Milan and Venice?

Answer 21

Independence and constitution

Question 22

Where did they want a constitution?

Answer 22

Sicily Naples duchies Piedmont

Question 23

What did they want in Rome and Venice?

Answer 23

Republic

Question 24

What was Piedmont’s main aim?

Answer 24

Remove Austrians

Question 25

What caused unrest in Sicily?

Answer 25

Food shortages, wanting independence from mainland, peasants wanted improvements

Question 26

What caused unrest in Milan?

Answer 26

Increased tobacco prices

Middle class

Question 27

Why was lack of revolutionary unity good for opposition?

Answer 27

Easier to divide and rule

Question 28

Why didn’t ideas of Risorgimento create unity?

Answer 28

Mazzini didn’t address land

Question 29

Lack of unity judgement

Answer 29

Cemented failure as easier to divide and rule

Austrian military capacity still would have been too great

Question 30

Overall judgement

Answer 30

No long term plan making the cause fragmented and easier to foreign powers to keep control.

Main reason for failure depends on geography
Rome- French
North- Austrians
South-disparate nature

Question 31

What did oppressive leadership encourage?

Answer 31

Secret societies, rebellions, mutinies that although unsuccessful helped spread patriotism

Question 32

What benefits did cultural revival bring?

Answer 32

Spread Italian language

Helped break down regional barriers

Question 33

Why didn’t Risorgimento affect masses?

Answer 33

Dialect, customs,prejudice, and lack of formal education