Failure Of 1848 Revolutions Flashcards
Factors
Foreign Intervention
Reaction of papacy
Piedmont’s weaknesses
Lack of revolutionary unity (and popular support)
When did Austria withdraw to Quadrilateral?
And from where?
From Lombardy
March 1848
When did Metternich resign?
March 1848
Victories over Piedmont (Austria)3
Custozza- July 1848
Novara- March 1849
Collapse of Venetia Republic- Aug 1849
Examples of Austrian counter revolutionary methods
Censorship
Secret police
How many troops and how long did it take for French to defeat Garibaldi in Rome?
20 000 troops
2 months
When did Rome surrender to French?
July 1849
In what ways were the French violent in taking Rome?
Hunted rebels
Interrogated people
Public executions
How significant was Austrian and French intervention?
Austria- limited geographically and short term
Most significant long term cause in the north
French- strong militarily, Republic could not contend
When was the papal allocution?
April 1848
What is an exponent?
Person who supports an idea and tries to persuade people of its truth
When did French Austrian and Neapolitan troops enter the Papal States?
April 1849
Effect of papacy’s reaction on Neo-Guelphists
Exponents on neoguelphism lost leader and became disillusioned with revolutionaries
Judgement -reaction of papacy
Undermined revolutions by reducing opposition strength
Short term- damaged foreign involvement
Long term- affected Piedmontese army
What caused nationalist cause to become anti clerical?
Papal allocution
Why was maintaining an army difficult? Piedmont
Charles Albert refused recruits unless they swore allegiance to Piedmont
What did Piedmont actually want?
Annexation of northern states not national unity
Why were Piedmont weak? Judgment
Would have needed foreign support for victory/greater long term success
What phrase explains the peasants lack of in involvement?
Political apathy
People only cared about local affairs
Parochialism
What was aim in Milan and Venice?
Independence and constitution
Where did they want a constitution?
Sicily Naples duchies Piedmont
What did they want in Rome and Venice?
Republic
What was Piedmont’s main aim?
Remove Austrians
What caused unrest in Sicily?
Food shortages, wanting independence from mainland, peasants wanted improvements
What caused unrest in Milan?
Increased tobacco prices
Middle class
Why was lack of revolutionary unity good for opposition?
Easier to divide and rule
Why didn’t ideas of Risorgimento create unity?
Mazzini didn’t address land
Lack of unity judgement
Cemented failure as easier to divide and rule
Austrian military capacity still would have been too great
Overall judgement
No long term plan making the cause fragmented and easier to foreign powers to keep control.
Main reason for failure depends on geography
Rome- French
North- Austrians
South-disparate nature
What did oppressive leadership encourage?
Secret societies, rebellions, mutinies that although unsuccessful helped spread patriotism
What benefits did cultural revival bring?
Spread Italian language
Helped break down regional barriers
Why didn’t Risorgimento affect masses?
Dialect, customs,prejudice, and lack of formal education
