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AMERICAN HISTORY > facts - chapter 3 > Flashcards

facts - chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

18th April 1775

A

Gage sent 700 men from Boston under Colonel Smith to Concord, 26 km away; to seize rebel arms and arrest leaders of the Provincial Congress.

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2
Q

19th April 1775

A

British fight 70 minutemen at Lexington; eight colonists were killed.

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3
Q

10th May 1775

A

Militiamen, led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, seized Ticonderoga. Crown Point fell two days later.

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4
Q

May 1775 Battle of Bunker hill

A

General Howe dislodged the Americans but lost over 1000 of his 2500 men in the process. One-eighth of the British officers killed in the entire conflict died in this battle.

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5
Q

When did General Howe replace Gage?

A

October 1775

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6
Q

The invasion of Canada

A

Richard Montgomery, with 1200 men advanced up the Champlain waterway, while a second force under Benedict Arnold marched through Maine, intending to combine with Montgomery in an attack on Quebec.

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7
Q

13 November 1775

A

Montgomery captured Montreal (defended by only 150 men) on 13th November

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8
Q

Why were the Americans defeated in Canada and how?

A

the British had 1800 men to defend Quebec, the American assault was made in a snowstorm on 31st December, Montgomery was killed and Arnold wounded. Americans died from smallpox and lack of supplies, siege was abandoned.

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9
Q

What did Lord Dunmore do?

A
  1. launched raids on Virginian coastal towns with 500 loyalists and several warships
  2. November 1775 issued proclamation promising freedom to slaves who fled rebel masters
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10
Q

what happened 4th March 1776?

A

17,000 rebels captured Dorchester Heights overlooking Boston, making the British position untenable

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11
Q

British evacuation of Boston

A

17th March, Howe’s army and more than 1000 loyalists began evacuating Boston, sailing to Halifax, Nova Scotia.

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12
Q

Common Sense, Thomas Paine

A

published January 1776, quickly sold 120,000 copies. Paine argued that events made independence a foregone conclusion.§

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13
Q

Who did the committee drafting a declaration consist of?

A
  1. Thomas Jefferson (Virginia)
  2. John Adams (Massachusetts)
  3. Benjamin Franklin (Pennsylvania)
  4. Roger Sherman (Connecticut)
  5. Robert Livingston (New York)
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14
Q

Locke’s influence on Thomas Jefferson

A

His First Treatise refuted theories of the divine right of king, his Second Treatise set forth Locke’s contract theory of government.

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15
Q

Who was Thomas Jefferson?

A

work for the Declaration.a 33-year-old Virginian planter who did most

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16
Q

Congress’ decisions R.E. independence 1st July 1776

A
  1. Nine colonies voted in favour
  2. South Carolina and Pennsylvania voted against
  3. The two-man Delaware delegation was split
  4. The New York delegates abstained
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17
Q

Decisions on 2nd July 1776?

A

twelve of the thirteen colonies voted in favour of independence; New York still abstained.

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18
Q

What has Jefferson been criticised for?

A
  1. harsh treatment of Native Americans
  2. unsuccessful tenure as governor of Virginia
  3. disloyalty under Washington and Adams
  4. His ownership of hundreds of slaves, in conflict with his stated views on freedom
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19
Q

The Declarations purpose was to….

A

furnish a moral and legal justification for the rebellion

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20
Q

When was the Declaration of Independence formally adopted by Congress?

A

4th July 1776

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21
Q

statistic to show economic reasons weren’t major reason for Declaration / Revolution

A

Trade grievances were mentioned only once in the Declaration of Independence

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22
Q

How many people did Britain have compared with the colonies?

A

Britain had 8 million people; the colonies had 2.5 million, of whom nearly 500,000 were slaves

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23
Q

How many American loyalists supported Britain?

A

500,000

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24
Q

Who were the Hessians?

A

German auxiliaries who fought for Britain; Britain hired them and sent them to America

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25
Q

How strong was the British Royal Navy?

A

had over 300 ships. Given that 75 per cent of Americans lived within 75 miles of the sea, British naval strength was a crucial advantage

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26
Q

who embarked on a major shipbuilding programme?

A

Lord Sandwich, first lord of the Admiralty

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27
Q

statistic for weakness of Washington’s army

A

it never exceeded 20,000 men; much of the time he had barely 5000.

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28
Q

Who were the patriots?

A

Americans who supported independence

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29
Q

What’s a Privateer?

A

privately owned vessels granted permission by a government to capture enemy ships

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30
Q

Congress and the states commissioned about ____ privateers which inflicted heavy damage on British merchant shipping

A

2000

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31
Q

It took ____ for reinforcements and supplies to cross the Atlantic

A

two to three months

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32
Q

How far away was Britain fighting a war?

A

4800 km (3000 miles) away from home

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33
Q

The British army’s real strength was more like ___ Than its paper strength of 50,000.

A

36,000

34
Q

A ____ of the infantry in 1775 was made up of men with less than a year’s service

A

quarter

35
Q

John Adams estimated that the population were….

A

one-third active rebels, one-third loyalists, and one -third neutral.

36
Q

In today’s evidence the population were…

A

two-fifths active rebels, one-fifth active loyalists, and two-fifths sought neutrality.

37
Q

By 1783 some _____ Americans had enlisted in the British army

A

19,000

38
Q

By 1781, ____ American males had engaged in some kind of military service - about one in three of the men of military age.

A

200,000

39
Q

By August 1776 General William Howe commanded ____ men - the largest trans-oceanic expedition ever previously sent from Britain.

A

32,000

40
Q

What happened at the battle of Long island (Brooklyn) 27th August 1776?

A

Howe defeated the Americans who suffered 2000 casualties, six times as many as the British

41
Q

What happened on 16th November 1776?

A

British forces captured Fort Washington, taking nearly 3000 American prisoners and quantities of weapons and supplied; let to army dwindling to 3000 men.

42
Q

Trenton?

A

Washington attacked the garrison at Trenton, New Jersey, on 26th December, capturing more than 1000 prisoners

43
Q

Princeton coup?

A

3rd January 1777; counterstrokes forced Howe to relinquish most of his gains into the American cause.

44
Q

where were the two large British armies in North America

A
  1. New York, commanded by General Howe

2. Canada, commanded by General Burgoyne

45
Q

11th September 1777?

A

Howe defeated Washington at Brandywine Creek; Americans lost 1200 men and the British half that number (600).

46
Q

When did Howe capture Philadelphia?

A

26th September 1777; Farmer ‘although it had some symbolic importance, Philadelphia had no strategic value’

47
Q

5th July 1777?

A

General Burgoyne’s 9000-strong army recaptured Ticonderoga.

48
Q

It took Burgoyne three weeks to cover the _____ to Fort Edward

A

37 km (23 miles)

49
Q

The murder and scalping of ______ alienated those who had been sympathetic to Britain

A

Jane MCCrea

50
Q

In August 1777 General Horatio Gates replaced the unpopular ______ as commander of the northern forces.

A

General Schuyler

51
Q

What happened 19th September 1777?

A

clash at Freeman’s Farm

52
Q

Siege of Saratoga

A

rebels defeated British in a major campaign. Burgoyne surrendered October 17th 1777.

53
Q

On hearing of Burgoyne’s surrender, Howe wrote to Germain offering…..

A

his resignation

54
Q

February 1778

A

Parliament passed North’s Conciliatory Propositions., Britain agreed to repeal the Coercive Acts and renounce the right to tax Americans.

55
Q

When was the Battle of Germantown?

A

October 4th 1777

56
Q

Saratoga ended ____ fears of an American collapse, allowing Franklin to play on French fears of a possible Anglo-American reconciliation.

A

French

57
Q

6th February 1778

A

France and America sign two treaties:

  1. Commercial
  2. Defensive alliance
58
Q

When did the French go to war against Britain?

A

June 1778

59
Q

When did Spain go to war against Britain?

A

April 1779

60
Q

When did Britain declare war on the Netherlands, which was aiding France and Spain?

A

1780

61
Q

Why did Spain go to war in April 1779?

A

to regain possessions lost to Britain: Florida, Minorca, Gibraltar and Jamaica

62
Q

What was the League of Armed Neutrality?

A

formed in 1780 by Russia, Sweden and Denmark to protect neutral rights, the League bolstered the USA’s international position

63
Q

What was France’s military strength?

A
  1. population of 25 million (twice Britains)
  2. army was 150,000 strong
  3. strong fleet
  4. forced Britain to defend Gibraltar, Minorca and Africa, India, and the West Indies
64
Q

statistic to show distraction of British army following French and Spanish intervention

A

In 1778, 65 per cent of the British army was in North America; only 29 per cent was there in mid-1780

65
Q

statistic to show distraction of British navy following French and Spanish intervention

A

In 1778, 41 per cent of British ships were in American waters; only 13 per cent were there mid-1780.

66
Q

How limited was French support?

A

france sent fewer than 10,000 troops to America; the naval squadron sent in 1778 departed for the Caribbean, bent on capturing British sugar islands,

67
Q

What happened February 1778 (commanders)

A

General Howe was replaced by General Henry Clinton

68
Q

Britain’s seizure of Georgia 1778-81

A

In March, the British defeated patriot forces at Briar Creek. The Americans lost 400 casualties and most of the survivors went home rather than rejoining General Lincoln’s patriot army. BUT in September 1779 French under d’Estaing recaptured it.

69
Q

Britain’s seizure of The Carolinas February 1780

A

Cornwallis with 6000 men besieged Charleston. largest town in the southern colonies. General Lincoln surrendered May 1780. The British took 5000 American prisoners, 343 artillery pieces and 6000 muskets.

70
Q

29th May 1780: Waxhaw Creek

A

Colonel Banastre Tarleton and 300 dragoons defeated 350 Virginians at Waxhaw Creek

71
Q

What happened in April 1782

A

Rockingham’s ministry ordered the evacuation of New York, Charleston and Savannah

72
Q

when was Charleston evacuated?

A

December 1782

73
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

Signed by Britain, the USA, France, Spain and the Netherlands on 3rd September 1783. Key terms:

  1. Britain recognised American independence and agreed boundaries, conceding the Mississippi boundary
  2. USA agreed British merchants should meet with ‘no lawful impediment’ in seeking to recover pre-war American debts
  3. Britain ceded Florida to Spain
74
Q

key shit 1778

A
  1. Valley Forge
  2. Conspiracy against Washington
  3. Battle of Monmouth Court House
  4. French threat
  5. Britain abandoned Philadelphia
75
Q

key shit 1779

A

no important decisive battles, lack of troops

76
Q

key shit 1780

A
  1. Arnold’s treachery
  2. British success in Carolinas
  3. Britain took Charleston
  4. Battle of Camden
  5. Guerilla war in South
77
Q

key shit 1781

A
  1. Mutinies
  2. Yorktown
  3. Fall of Lord North
  4. Peace negotiations and Treaty of Paris
78
Q

how many Hessian troops deserted during the war?

A

5000

79
Q

how much strength did the Hessians provide the British with?

A

By 1778 they provided a third of British strength in America

80
Q

how much did the Americans lose during the war?

A
  1. 8,000 American troops died in battle

2. 25,000 died from disease and wounds

AMERICAN HISTORY (7 decks)

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