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AMERICAN HISTORY > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the outcome of the 1789 election? (first under the new Constitution)

A

Federalist control of new government; large Federalist majorities in Senate and House of Representatives. George Washington chosen as president by Electoral College representatives. John Adams, with 34 votes, became Vice President.

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2
Q

the 1789 Judiciary Act established….

A

a hierarchal system of federal courts. At the top was the Supreme Court; then district courts in each state and three circuit courts of appeal.

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3
Q

what did the Supreme Court consist of?

A

a Chief Justice and five associate justices

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4
Q

By creating an entire apparatus, the Judiciary Act ensured that federal laws…

A

and rights would be adjudicated uniformly throughout the nation

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5
Q

who was the first Chief Justice?

A

John Jay

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6
Q

What did the ten constitutional amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, do?

A

reconciled Anti-Federalists to the Constitution. The adoption of the amendments helped convince North Carolina and Rhode Island to enter the Union.

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7
Q

How did Congress raise revenue?

A
  • trade duties

- the Tonnage Act 1789

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8
Q

What was the trade duty?

A

five per cent on most items, 7.5 per cent on certain listed items, duties as high as 50 per cent on 30 specific items like steel, nails, hemp, molasses, ships, tobacco, salt, indigo and cloth.

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9
Q

what did the trade duty try to do?

A

protect American manufacturers from foreign competition

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10
Q

What was the Tonnage Act 1789?

A

it stated that American ships should pay a duty of six cents per ton. American built but foreign-owned ships should pay a duty of 30 cents/ton and foreign-built and -owned ships 50 cents/ton.

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11
Q

Who did Washington choose as Secretary to the treasury?

A

Alexander Hamilton

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12
Q

Who did Washington choose as Secretary of state

A

Thomas Jefferson

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13
Q

Who was General Henry Knox?

A

secretary of war

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14
Q

who was Edmund Randolph?

A

attorney general, the government’s legal adviser

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15
Q

What were Hamilton’s main ideas?

A

nationalist, united, strong nation, he wanted the states’ power to wither away to ensure the federal government’s supremacy. He saw Washington as a sort of constitutional monarch and himself as prime minister.

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16
Q

What was Hamilton determined to do?

A

to restore national credit, as he believed it was essential to bind the moneyed classes to the new government

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17
Q

When did Hamilton publish a series of important financial reports, outlining this programme for government finances?

A

1790-1

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18
Q

Hamilton proposed the repayment of____

A

the foreign debt at face value rather than at the depreciated market rate

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19
Q

Who objected to Hamilton’s state debt assumption scheme?

A

southern states who had provided for the repayment of their debts and objected to paying some of the large debts owed by northern states who stood to gain most from the assumption plan.

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20
Q

Madison became Hamilton’s _______….

A

leading opponent, persuading Congress in April 1790 to reject the state debt proposal,.

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21
Q

What concessions did Hamilton give for Hamilton’s plan to be passed?

A
  1. generous allowances to states that had already settled debts
  2. permanent national capital would be in the South, at a site on the Potomac River to be chosen by Washington
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22
Q

Congress finally passed the legislation for Hamilton’s plan in….

A

August 1790

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23
Q

Hamilton’s programme resulted in the USA’s national debt soaring to over…

A

$80 million. 80 per cent of the federal government’s annual expenditure was needed to service the debt.

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24
Q

December 1790 Hamilton issued a second report on public credit which included…

A

a proposal for a tax on distilled spirits (passed March 1791) to aid in raising revenue to cover the nation’s debts, establishing the precedent of a federal excise tax.

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25
Q

in what ways were Hamilton’s credit measures successful?

A
  1. value of government bonds rose sharply
  2. federal government could borrow money both at home and abroad
  3. public credit restored so foreign capital flowed into the USA
  4. productivity increased and prosperity returned
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26
Q

Hamilton’s proposed Bank of the United States revived Robert Morris’s idea.

A
  • modelled on the Bank of England
  • capital of $10 million
  • one-fifth to be subscribed by the government
  • four-fifths by private investors
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27
Q

When did the Bank of the United States open?

A

Philadelphia in December 1791

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28
Q

What was Hamilton’s most visionary report?

A

the report on manufacturing where he laid won a comprehensive plan for industrialisation through a system of protective tariffs and government subsidies for the new industries.

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29
Q

Jefferson and Madison became leaders of those who took the name Republican / Democratic-Republicans…

A

thereby implying that the Federalists aimed at a monarchy

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30
Q

J.C Miller (1960) claimed that the ideological differences between the Federalists and the Republicans were

A

‘greater than those which have generally existed between major American political parties’

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31
Q

the 1972 Presidential election

A

Washington unopposed; Republicans nominated Clinton as Vice President who received more votes than Adams. The Federalists had a clear majority in the Senate but Federalists and Republicans were roughly equal in the House.

32
Q

When did Jefferson leave the cabinet following bitter differences between Hamilton and Jefferson?

A

December 1793

33
Q

the French Revolution became the…

A

touchstone for determining political allegiance in America politics by the early 1790s

34
Q

Whereas the Federalists saw events in France as confirming their fears that popular government could easily generate mob rule….

A

the Republicans continued to sympathise with the revolutionaries believing the French were following their example

35
Q

Thomas Jefferson’s declaration on the French Revolution

A

‘the tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants’

36
Q

When did France declare war on Britain?

A

1793

37
Q

statistics to show British imports were the chief source of the tariff revenues on which Hamilton’s financial programme depended

A
  1. 75 per cent of American trade was with Britain

2. 90 per cent of its imports came from Britain

38
Q

What was Washington’s foreign policy 1793?

A

he issued a proclamation of neutrality in April 1793 declaring the USA to be ‘friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers’

39
Q

America was the first country to…

A

recognise the new French Jacobin government

40
Q

which French man was an embarrassment?

A

Citizen Genêt

41
Q

Jay’s Treaty, November 1974

A
  • Britain promised to evacuate the northwest forts by 1796
  • Britain agreed to submit American claims for compensation for ship seizure to arbitration
  • Britain granted American commerce limited access to the British West Indies
42
Q

What did Jefferson say about Jay’s Treaty?

A

‘really nothing more than a treaty of alliance between England and the Anglomen of this country against the legislatures and people of the United States’,

43
Q

When did Washington sign Jay’s Treaty?

A

August 1795

44
Q

following the treaty there was an economic boom…

A

American trade with Britain and its empire increased threefold

45
Q

Jay’s treaty induced Spain…

A

to soften its attitude towards the USA

46
Q

Thomas Pickney concluded the Treaty of San Lorenzo (October 1795) by which Spain:

A
  • granted the USA free use of the Mississippi and the right to deposit goods in New Orleans
  • accepted the American claim to the thirty-first parallel as the Florida boundary
  • promised to restrain Native Americans from attacking frontier settlements
47
Q

When did the new Western states join the Union?

A
  • Kentucky (1792)

- Tennessee (1796)

48
Q

1790 Treaty of New York

A

negotiated with a Creek leader, Alexander McGillivray, this restored the Creeks lands ceded in treaties with Georgia and provided generous payments for the rest of the land.

49
Q

1790 proclamation forbidding private or state encroachments…

A

on all Native American lands guaranteed by treaty with the USA

50
Q

In what ways were Washington’s 1790 proclamations broken?

A
  1. the Georgia state legislature defied the proclamation by selling more than 15 million acres (6 million hectares) on its western border to speculators calling themselves the Yazoo Copanies
  2. In the North, white settlers simply moved on to Native American lands, breaking formal treaties
51
Q

August 1794 Treaty of Greenville

A

the USA acquired the right to the lands which are now Ohio and Indiana following Native American crushing defeat at the battle of Fallen Timbers.

52
Q

Land Acts of 1796

A

Congress extended the rectangular surveys ordained in 1785. Unsuccessful as by 1800 Government land offices had sold fewer than 50,000 cars under the act.

53
Q

The Whiskey Insurrection

A

1791 tax of liquor led to discontent; August 1794 6000 men gathered near Pittsburgh, setting up mock guillotines to register solidarity with revolutionary France. Hamilton put down rebellion with 13,000 men.

54
Q

When did Hamilton retire?

A

January 1795

55
Q

Washington declined to stand for re-election in…

A
  1. His decision established a two-term presidential tradition that all his successors (except Franklin D. Roosevelt) were to follow.
56
Q

Who was the Republican candidate in the 1796 election?

A

Jefferson, adding geographical balance to the ticket with Aaron Burr of New York

57
Q

Who was the Federalist candidate?

A

John Adams (Hamilton was accused wrongly of mishandling public money and not in a position to stand)

58
Q

Who did Hamilton want to become president?

A

The Federalist vice presidential candidate, Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina

59
Q

Adams with ____ electoral votes became president 1796

A

71

60
Q

The vice presidency went to Jefferson with ___ votes in 1796

A

68 electoral votes

61
Q

Farmer on the outcome of the 1796 election

A

‘it was somewhat ironic that New England, once the most democratic part of America, should have become the chief stronghold of Federalism, whereas Virginia, where society had been - and still was - more stratified, became the most Republican.’

62
Q

Who were the High Federalists?

A

supporters of Alexander Hamilton

63
Q

what was the XYZ affair

A

After French retaliation following Jay’s Treaty, where Pinckney was refused and 300 ships seized, Adams’ ministry was not greeted by the French foreign minister but by three subordinates (X Y and Z) demanding a bribe of $250,000 - an insult to the Americans.

64
Q

USA and France ‘Quasi-War’

A

limited and undeclared war 1798-1800. USA held its own, capturing more than 80 French privateers

65
Q

What was the Naturalization Act designed to do?

A

deprive the Republicans of immigrant votes by increasing the residential requirement for citizenship from five years to fourteen

66
Q

What did the Two Alien Acts do?

A

gave the president power to deport any alien whom he deemed ‘dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States’

67
Q

what did the Sedition Act do?

A

prescribed heavy fines and imprisonment for persons convicted of publishing ‘any false, scandalous or malicious writing’ bringing into disrepute the government

68
Q

Effects of the sedition Act

A
  • 25 people were arrested including prominent Republican editors
  • 10 were convicted and imprisoned
69
Q

end of hostilities

A

1800 treaty signed between France and USA settled differences and released USA from 1778 defensive alliance with France

70
Q

1798 federal property tax imposed on….

A

houses, land and slaves to pay for the USA’s military growth

71
Q

In 1799 Pennsylvanian farmers, led by _________ rioted in protest against the federal property tax.

A

Captain John Fries

72
Q

Adams was seen as weak because he pardoned Fries on his conviction for treason….

A

along with a general pardon to all participants in the affair

73
Q

Washington’s death in ________ deprived the Federalist Party of its most effective symbol

A

December 1799

74
Q

Result of the 1800 Presidential Election

A

The Republicans won a narrow victory; Jefferson and Burr each had 73 electoral college votes, Adams 65 and Pinckney 64.

75
Q

as well as winning the presidential election….

A

the Republicans won control of both the House and the Senate

76
Q

Farmer on Washington

A

‘he embodied national authority, providing something of an illusion of cohesion to what was still a mix of regional and state allegiances.’

77
Q

Joseph Ellis on Washington’s new America

A

‘With him, and in great part because of him, it succeeded’

AMERICAN HISTORY (7 decks)

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