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Year 3: Primate Ecology and Behaviour > Facts and references > Flashcards

Facts and references Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Latin name for the common chimpanzee?

A

Pan troglodytes

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2
Q

In what region are chimpanzees found?

Outline their range.

A

West, Central and East Africa

From Gambia in the west to Uganda in the east, EXCLUDING central Congo where bonobos are found instead

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3
Q

The chimpanzee is highly adaptable. What habitats does it occupy? List 5

A

Savannah, rainforest, montane forest, swamp forest, dry woodland

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4
Q

What is the chimpanzees diet?

A

It is an omnivorous frugivore (they will basically eat anything)

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5
Q

Chimpanzees will eat meat. What is its preferred mammal prey?

A

Western red colobus monkeys

Procolobus badius

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6
Q

What kind of mating system do chimpanzees have?

A

Polygynandrous

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7
Q

Which is the philopatric sex in chimpanzees?

A

Males

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8
Q

How do chimpanzees move?

A

By knuckle-walking

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9
Q

What is the dental formula for platyrrhines? They have 3 premolars, but can have different numbers of premolars.

A
  1. 1.3.2

2. 1.3.3

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10
Q

For each quadrant what is the order of teeth in the mouth?

A

Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

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11
Q

What is the dental formula for catarrhines? We have 2 premolars and 3 molars.

A

2.1.2.3

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12
Q

What is the genus name for spider monkeys?

A

Ateles

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13
Q

In what region are spider monkeys found?

A

Central and South America

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14
Q

What habitat do spider monkeys live in?

A

Rainforest

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15
Q

What is the diet of spider monkeys?

A

Frugivorous

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16
Q

What mating system do spider monkeys have?

A

Polygynandrous

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17
Q

Which sex is philopatric in spider monkeys?

A

Males

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18
Q

Which three groups of primates are the only species to adopt fission-fusion communities?

A

Spider monkeys, chimpanzees/bonobos and humans

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19
Q

How do spider monkeys move?

A

By suspensory locomotion with their prehensile tail

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20
Q

What is the genus name for capuchins?

A

Cebus

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21
Q

In what region are capuchins found?

A

Central and South America

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22
Q

What habitat do capuchins occupy?

A

A range of forest types although they prefer rainforests

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23
Q

What mating system do capuchins have?

A

Polygynandrous as females often have multiple mates, although polygynous systems have been observed

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24
Q

How do capuchins move?

A

By quadrapedal locomotion

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25
Q

How many species of macaque are there?

A

22

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26
Q

What is the Latin name of the Barbary macaque?

A

Macaca sylvanus

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27
Q

In what region does the Barbary macaque live?

A

In the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco and a small population in Gibraltar

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28
Q

What habitat does the Barbary macaque live in? Give 4 examples.

A

Primarily forests (like cedar), but also grasslands, scrub, rocky ridges

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29
Q

What is the Barbary macaque’s diet?

A

Omnivorous folivore

Their diet varies with season

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30
Q

What is the mating system of Barbary macaques?

A

Polygynandrous

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31
Q

What is the locomotory style of Barbary macaques?

A

Quadrapedalism

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32
Q

How many species of baboon are there? What are they?

A

5

Olive/Anubis 
Yellow/Savannah 
Chacma/Cape 
Hamadryas
Guinea
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33
Q

What is the Latin name for the hamadryas baboon?

A

Papio hamadryas

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34
Q

Where are hamadryas baboons found?

List the African countries.
List the Middle Eastern countries.

A

The Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula

Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia

Yemen and Saudi Arabia

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35
Q

What kind of habitats do hamadryas baboons live in? Give 3 examples

A

Semi-desert, savannah/plains/meadows and rocky cliffs

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36
Q

What is the diet of hamadryas baboons?

A

Omnivorous

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37
Q

What is the mating system of hamadryas baboons?

A

Polygynous

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38
Q

Which sex is philopatric in hamadryas baboons?

A

Males, unlike in other baboons where it is the females

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39
Q

Which sex is philopatric in Barbary macaques?

A

Females

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40
Q

What is the Latin name for the gelada?

A

Theropithecus gelada

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41
Q

There are only two countries in the world where you will find geladas. What are they?

A

Ethiopia and Eritrea

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42
Q

Which national park are geladas found in in Ethiopia?

A

The Semien Mountains National Park

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43
Q

What habitat do geladas occupy?

A

The sleep on rocky cliffs and descend into grasslands to feed during the day

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44
Q

What is the mating system of geladas?

A

Polygynous

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45
Q

As well as anogenital swellings, what other sign is there that a female has come into estrus?

A

All geladas have a hairless patch on their chests; a ring of red beading develops here (it goes red basically)

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46
Q

In geladas, a male and his harem is called an OMU or one-male-unit. When many OMUs come together what does this form?

A

A band

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47
Q

As well as OMUs, what other kind of group exists in gelada society?

A

AMUs or all-male-bands (bachelor bands)

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48
Q

What diet do geladas have?

A

They are exclusively folivorous, mostly feed on grass

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49
Q

Does the gelada’s diet change based on seasonal availability?

A

Yes

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50
Q

Geladas are highly specialised feeders. How? Why?

A

The opposability of their first two digits is the highest of all catarrhines. They also have short/robust phalanges.

Allows them to pick grass blades individually to sort good blades from bad in the dry season. Allows them to dig for tubers.

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51
Q

There are two species of mandrill, genus Mandrillus. What are they?

A

Mandrills and drills

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52
Q

What is the latin name for the mandrill?

A

Mandrillus sphinx

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53
Q

In what region of Africa are mandrills found?

Which countries? There are 4.

A

Central Africa

Parts of (not throughout) Cameroon, Gabon, Guinea, Congo

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54
Q

What habitats are mandrills found in?

A

Tropical rainforests

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55
Q

Why is it strange that mandrills are found in tropical rainforests?

A

They are adapted to live on the ground but shelter in the trees at night.

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56
Q

How do mandrills move? Can they climb trees?

A

Quadrupedal locomotion

Yes

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57
Q

How are mandrills and drills distinguishable?

A

Mandrills have brightly coloured faces whilst drills’ faces are all black.

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58
Q

What is the mating system of mandrills?

A

Polygynous

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59
Q

Which sex is philopatric in mandrills?

A

Females

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60
Q

Is allomothering observed in mandrills?

A

Yes

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61
Q

Which sex is philopatric in geladas?

A

Females

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62
Q

What beneficial traits are close social bonds associated with? Give 3.

A

Lower stress, better health, increased lifespan

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63
Q

Do geladas allomother?

A

Yes

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64
Q

Who studied geladas?

A

Dunbar from the 1970s onwards

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65
Q

What kind of diet do mandrills have?

A

Omnivorous

will eat leaves/fruit/flowers/small vertebrates

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66
Q

What are the two major threats to mandrills?

A
  1. Habitat destruction

2. Hunting for bushmeat

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67
Q

Why are mandrills easily located by hunters?

A

Due to their loud calls

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68
Q

What is the Latin name for the Hanuman langur monkey?

A

Semnopithecus entellus

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69
Q

What other common name is there for the Hanuman langur?

A

Gray langur

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70
Q

In what region is the Hanuman langur found in?

Which countries is it found in? There are 7.

A

Southern Asia

Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka

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71
Q

What kind of habitats are langurs found in?

A

A wide range;

Arid scrubland to tropical rainforest to urban areas

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72
Q

Name a city in India where langurs live in close proximity with humans?

A

Jodhpur, India

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73
Q

What is the mating system of langurs?

A

Polgynous or polygynandrous

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74
Q

In which part of India are langurs a) polygynous and b) polgynandrous? Why?

A

a) Southern India; lack of seasonality + provisioning from locals means females are desynchronised from the environment, males can monopolise
b) Northern India; seasonality means females are synchronised to the environment, males cannot monopolise

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75
Q

Which sex is philopatric in langurs?

A

Females

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76
Q

Do langurs display allomothering?

A

Yes

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77
Q

How do langurs move?

A

Quadrupedal locomotion

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78
Q

Do langurs spend more time on the ground or in the trees?

A

On the ground, 80% of their time. They use trees for sleeping.

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79
Q

What is the diet of hanuman langurs?

A

They are folivorous

although they have been found to eat fruits/flowers/gum/bark etc.

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80
Q

How many a) genera and b) species are there in the subfamily Callitrichinae?

A

a) 4

b) 32

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81
Q

Where are the Callitrichinae found?

A

In Central and South America

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82
Q

What habitat do the Callitrichinae occupy?

A

Tropical rainforests

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83
Q

Do the Callitrichinae have prehensile tails?

A

No

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84
Q

Callitrichids are quadrupedal. Why does their morphology suggest otherwise?

A

Their forelimbs are shorter than their hindlimbs.

This is characteristic of primates that locomote using vertical clinging and leaping.

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85
Q

Do callitrichids have opposable thumbs and big toes?

A

No

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86
Q

Do callitichids have nails like other primates?

A

No, they have claws

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87
Q

What di callitrichids use their claws for?

A

Grip and to dig into tree bark

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88
Q

What are the mating systems observed in callitrichids?

A

Mostly polyandry (they are a model for polyandry), but depending on species can be monogamous

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89
Q

Do males care for the young in callitrichids?

A

Yes; he carries the infants and only transfers them back to their mother long enough for them to nurse.

Basically everyone looks after the babies except the mother.

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90
Q

What is the diet of callitrichids?

A

Primarily insectivorous, although fruits/seeds/gum are frequently eaten

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91
Q

What is the Latin name for Geoffroy’s tamarin?

A

Saguinus geoffroyi

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92
Q

What is the geographic range of Geoffroy’s tamarin? What is unique about this?

A

South-western Costa Rica to North-western Colombia

It is the only callitrichid to extend as far north as Costa Rica from South America

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93
Q

In what habitat does Geoffroy’s tamarin live?

A

Densely-forested areas, it avoids open forest areas

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94
Q

What is the mating system of Geoffroy’s tamarin?

A

Polyandry

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95
Q

Geoffroy’s tamarin is territorial. How do we know this?

A

They visit the borders of their range and scent mark each day

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96
Q

Geoffroy’s tamarin is largely insectivorous. What are their favourite insects?

A

Grasshoppers and cicadas

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97
Q

Although Geoffroy’s tamarin is insectivorous, what does the large proportion of their does consist of?

A

Fruit

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98
Q

What does Geoffroy’s tamarin when fruits become seasonally scarce?

A

Nectar

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99
Q

There are two species of gorilla. What are they?

A

The Western and Eastern gorillas

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100
Q

What is another common name for the Western gorilla?

A

The lowland gorilla

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101
Q

In what region is the western gorilla found?

In which countries? There are 8.

A

West and Central Africa

Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo and possibly Democratic Republic of Congo

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102
Q

What is the Latin name of the western gorilla?

A

Gorilla gorilla

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103
Q

How many subspecies of the western gorilla are there?

What are they and where are they found?

A

2

Gorilla gorilla, Cameroon southwards
Gorilla gorilla diehli, found in a small part of the Nigerian/Cameroonian border

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104
Q

What habitat does the western gorilla occupy?

A

Tropical secondary forest where the open canopy provides lots of light

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105
Q

What visual differences are there between western and eastern gorillas? List 2.

A

Western gorillas are slightly more brown/grey in colour

Western gorillas are slightly smaller than eastern in body size, as well as having smaller teeth and jaws

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106
Q

The arm span of gorillas is longer than their standing height. True or false?

A

True.

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107
Q

Gorillas are aggressive. True or false?

A

False, they are generally peaceful and shy unless disturbed

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108
Q

What is the aggressive behaviour of male gorillas?

A

Charging; often the male will charge an intruder but rush past instead of colliding, and then will charge again

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109
Q

What is the mating system of gorillas?

A

Generally polygynous, although polgynandrous and AMUs are observed.

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110
Q

Are gorillas territorial?

A

Not really, ranges of neighbouring groups often overlap.

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111
Q

Do gorillas build nests?

A

Yes

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112
Q

What is the diet of gorillas? What is their preferred food?

A

Folivorous

Juicy-stemmed plants (but will also consume leaves, berries, flowers, roots, bark and sometimes small invertebrates)

113
Q

What are the main threats to gorillas? List 2.

A
  1. Hunting for skins and meat
  2. Capture for zoos
  3. Habitat destruction, particularly for eastern gorillas
114
Q

How do gorillas move?

A

Knuckle-walking, although tree climbing is observed

115
Q

What is the Latin name for the Eastern Gorilla?

A

Gorilla beringei

116
Q

What is another common name for the eastern gorilla?

A

Mountain gorilla

117
Q

Where are eastern gorillas found? Be specific.

A

In the Virunga volcanoes that separate Democratic Republic of Congo from Rwanda.

118
Q

In what habitat are eastern gorillas found?

A

Montane cloud forest

119
Q

Which species of gibbon are found in Khao Yai, Thailand (the ones Volker studied)?

A

Lar gibbons

120
Q

What is the Latin name for the lar gibbon?

A

Hylobates lar

121
Q

What is another common name for the lar gibbon?

A

White-handed gibbon

122
Q

In what region are lar gibbons found?

Which countries are they found in? There are 5.

A

Southeast Asia

Indonesia, Malaysia, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand

123
Q

Which habitat are lar gibbons found in?

A

Forests, various types e.g. bamboo, evergreen, swamp etc.

124
Q

Lar gibbons are dichromatic according to sex. True or false?

A

False; dichromatism is independent of sex

125
Q

What colours are lar gibbons?

A

Either black/brown or white/cream

126
Q

How do lar gibbons move?

A

By brachiation, hand-over-hand swinging.

127
Q

Gibbons have tails. True or false?

A

False

128
Q

Gibbons have very long forelimbs. True or false?

A

True

129
Q

What diet do gibbons have?

A

They are frugivorous (although they will also eat flowers and insects)

They are very picky when eating fruits; fruits are tested and either accepted or rejected based on ripeness

130
Q

What are the 2 major threats to gibbons?

A
  1. The illegal pet trade (particularly in Thailand)

2. Habitat loss

131
Q

How many subspecies of chimpanzee are there? What are they?

A

4

P. t. troglodytes, the Central chimpanzee

P. t. verus, the Western chimpanzee

P. t. ellioti/vellerosus, the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee

P.t. schweinfurthii, the Eastern chimpanzee

132
Q

Which countries is the Central chimpanzee found in? There are 6.

A

Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo,

133
Q

Which countries is the Western chimpanzee found in? There are 8.

A

Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast and Ghana

134
Q

Which countries is the Eastern chimpanzee found in? There are 8

A

Central African Republic, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania and Zambia

135
Q

Where is Gombe Stream National Park where Goodall studied chimpanzees?

A

Tanzania

136
Q

What is the Latin name for the bonobo?

A

Pan paniscus

137
Q

What is another common name for the bonobo?

A

The pygmy chimpanzee

138
Q

Where is the bonobo found?

A

In the Democratic Republic of Congo, specifically in the Congo basin

139
Q

Which habitat do bonobos occupy?

A

Rainforest

140
Q

What physical differences are there between chimpanzees and bonobos? List 2 things.

A

Bonobos have longer hair, hairy cheeks and foreheads (whereas chimp faces are hairless so their faces look bigger)

Exposed bonobo skin is always darkly coloured whereas chimps have lighter skin, esp. in younger years

141
Q

Which is the philopatric sex in the bonobo? Why is this odd?

A

Males, yet it is the females that show social bonding

142
Q

What is the diet of the bonobo?

A

Omnivorous frugivore

143
Q

Is allomothering common in Barbary macaques?

A

Yes

144
Q

What is the social structure of hamadyras baboons?

What are clans?
What are bands?
What are troops?

A

Two or three OMUs (harems) come together to form clans. Clans leaders are related.

Clans come together to form bands. Band leaders are generally not related.

Troops contain several bands that share the same feeding/water/sleeping sites.

145
Q

Are male hamadryas baboons aggressive?

A

Extremely; they aggressively herd females and juveniles within their OMU and enforce strict discipline. Females are often forcefully transferred between clans. Juveniles are prevented from playing with like-age individuals in other bands.

146
Q

How many members are there in the genus Theropithecus?

A

1, only the gelada

147
Q

What is the Latin name for the Japanese macaque?

A

Macaca fuscata

148
Q

There are two species of orang-utan. What are they?

A

The Bornean and Sumatran orangutans

149
Q

What is the Latin name for the Bornean orangutan?

A

Pongo pygmaeus

150
Q

What is the Latin name for the Sumatran orangutan?

A

Pongo abelii

151
Q

Who described the LRC hypothesis as a way of altering offspring sex ratio?

A

Van Schaik and Hrdy, 1991

152
Q

Who proposed the Trivers-Willard hypothesis as a way of altering offspring sex ratio?

A

Trivers and Willard, 1973

153
Q

Who proposed that females should attempt to limit the production of daughters by other females when females are the philopatric sex?

A

Silk et al., 1981

154
Q

Silk et al., 1981:

Which primates did the authors study?

A

Bonnet macaques

155
Q

What is the Latin name for bonnet macaques?

A

Macaca radiata

156
Q

Where are bonnet macaques found?

A

The Western Ghat mountains in India

157
Q

Which habitats do bonnet macaques occupy?

A

Forest, can be either evergreen high forest or deciduous forest

158
Q

Which sex is philopatric in bonnet macaques? Why is this strange?

A

Females, yet males also form unique social bonds

159
Q

What is the mating system of bonnet macaques?

A

Polygynandrous

160
Q

How do bonnet macaques move?

A

Quadrupedal locomotion

161
Q

What kind of diet do bonnet macaques eat?

A

They are omnivores, but often they depend on food left by humans e.g. near urban settlement, from temples

162
Q

Silk et al., 1981;

What did the authors find about the survival of infants produced by low ranking females?

A

These infants had a smaller probability of survival due to aggression from higher ranking females

163
Q

Silk et al., 1981;

Females appear to respond selectively towards the offspring of other females and their rank. Why?

A

Because it may affect the survival of their own infants

164
Q

Silk et al., 1981;

Why would high ranking females reduce the production of daughters by subordinates?

A

Because daughters are philopatric and will compete for resources with their own offspring

165
Q

Silk et al., 1981;

What would you expect in the offspring sex ratio among lower ranking females if this hypothesis was correct?

A

A male-biased sex ratio in low ranking females offspring, although there was no evidence of this

166
Q

Who described the polygyny threshold model?

A

Orian, 1969

167
Q

Orian, 1969;

What does the model depend on?

A

Female choice, as polygyny is always advantageous to males

168
Q

Orian, 1969;

What does the model assume about the environment?

A

It is variable and reproductive success correlates to variability

Polygyny only expected to evolve under these conditions

169
Q

What can you link the polygyny threshold model to?

A

The Good Parent Process (Hoelzer, 1989)

170
Q

Who studied mating interference?

A

Sommer, 1989

171
Q

Sommer, 1989;

What is mating interference?

A

When non-mating individuals harass the copulation of others.

172
Q

Sommer, 1989;

Which primate did the author study interference in?

A

Hanuman langurs

173
Q

Sommer, 1989;

What did the author observe?

A

Other females trying to pull the way off, biting the male and chasing the female away

174
Q

Sommer, 1989;

What percentage of 346 interactions were harassed by members of all age classes except infants?

A

80.6%

175
Q

Sommer, 1989;

Higher ranking females harassed other higher ranking females more. True or false?

A

False; they harassed lower ranking females more

176
Q

Sommer, 1989;

Why do females interfere with the copulation of others?

A

To limit the number of births of others and reduce possible future resource competition.

To ensure the male is not depleted when they want to mate.

177
Q

Sommer, 1989;

Why do immatures interfere with the copulation of their mothers?

A

To limit the births of rival siblings

178
Q

Sommer, 1989;

Why do other females interfere with the copulation of already-pregnant females?

What percentage of copulation with an already-pregnant female was disturbed?

A

Because they are ‘wasting sperm’

75%

179
Q

Bonnet macaque males show unique social bonds. Why is it thought this is the case?

A

Females DO NOT exhibit sexual swellings, thus this may facilitate social cohesion.

180
Q

Who studied sexual swellings?

A

Highman et al., 2008

181
Q

Highman et al., 2008;

What did the authors find about the cause of sexual swellings?

A

They are hormone-dependent

182
Q

Highman et al., 2008;

What does oestrogen do?

A

Stimulates swelling, corresponds to the follicular stage

183
Q

What is the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

When the follicle is maturing, ends in ovulation

184
Q

Highman et al., 2008;

What does progesterone do?

A

Inhibits swelling, corresponds to the luteal phase

185
Q

What is the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Basically the breakdown of the corpus luteum if an egg goes unfertilised

186
Q

Highman et al., 2008;

Which group exhibits the largest sexual swellings? Why?

A

Nulliparous catarrhine females

Swelling size indicates cycle number, largest swellings arise from successive cycles undisturbed by conceiving

187
Q

Highman et al., 2008;

Do females conceiving regularly exhibit sexual swellings?

A

Rarely

188
Q

Who studied gibbons in Khao Yai, Thailand?

A

Sommer and Reichard, 2000

189
Q

Sommer and Reichard, 2000;

What did they find about group ranges?

A

They overlap

190
Q

Sommer and Reichard, 2000;

Individuals were monogamous with the same individual throughout life. True or false?

A

False; partner changes or ‘serial monogamy’ was observed

191
Q

Sommer and Reichard, 2000;

What percentage of groups were polyandrous or polgynandrous?

A

25%

192
Q

Sommer and Reichard, 2000;

Why do the authors think females performed EPCs?

A

To confuse paternity and prevent infanticide

193
Q

Sommer and Reichard, 2000;

Why do the authors think the Female Great Call exists? What about the Male Coda?

A

To advertise her quality to other males

To warn other males she is already spoken for

194
Q

Sommer and Reichard, 2000;

What two factors do the authors think the intensity of the Great Call is correlated to?

A

Female attractiveness (fitness-dependent trait?)

Male resource-holding capability

195
Q

Sommer and Reichard, 2000;

What creates the high relatedness between groups?

A

Short dispersal distance and EPCs

196
Q

Who looked at colouration in mandrills?

A

Setchell, 2005

197
Q

Setchell, 2005:

What did the author find about colouration?

A

Brightly coloured males received more attention from females and higher mating success

198
Q

Setchell, 2005:

What effect did colour have on female grooming?

A

Females groomed the brightest male only

199
Q

Setchell, 2005:

Where did the study take place?

A

Gabon

200
Q

Setchell, 2005:

What did the author find between colour and dominance rank?

A

Colour had more influence on female behaviour than dominance rank

201
Q

Setchell, 2005:

An alpha male fell in rank without loss of colouration. Did the females still mate with him?

A

Yes

202
Q

Who outlined criteria for the influence of mate choice on communication?

A

Snowdon, 2004

203
Q

Snowdon, 2004;

What are the criteria for the influence of mate choice in communication? There are 5.

A
  1. Signals are sexually dimorphic
  2. Variation in signal occurs between same-sex social partners
  3. Discrimination and preference occurs between opposite-sex social partners
  4. Expression of preference occurs in the context of reproduction
  5. Outcomes of preference based on signal must relate to reproductive success
204
Q

Which species did Sarah (Blaffer) Hrdy begin her work in and where? What did she do?

A

Hanuman langurs at Mount Abu in Rajasthan, India

Infanticide was thought to be because of overcrowding, she realised it was to do with sexual selection

205
Q

Which species did Jane Goodall study and where?

A

Common chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania

206
Q

Which species did Dian Fossey study and where?

A

Eastern (mountain) gorillas in Virunga National Park, Rwanda

207
Q

Which species did Birutė Galdikas study and where?

A

Orangutans in Tanjung Puting Reserve, Borneo

208
Q

What were the Trimates? Who did it consist of?

A

Three female primatologists handpicked by Louis Leakey to study the great apes

Jane Goodall
Dian Fossey
Birutė Galdikas

209
Q

Who was Louis Leakey?

A

A Kenyan palaeoanthropologist famous for his work on human evolution in African

210
Q

Why did Leakey establish the Trimates?

A

He believed studying the great apes in their natural habitats would provide clues about evolution

211
Q

Who is Robin Dunbar?

A

An anthropologist specialising in primate behaviour and psychology

212
Q

What year did Konrad Lorenz propose his theory on aggression?

A

1963 in his book ‘On Aggression’

213
Q

Which book detailed this treatment of orphaned baby apes in places like the Congo and Cameroon?

A

Eating Apes by Peterson, 2003

214
Q

Who measured annual loss from the wild using sanctuary intake of P. t. vellerosus orphans in Cameroon and Nigeria?

A

Hughes et al., 2011

215
Q

Who founded the Great Ape Project and when?

A

Peter Singer and Paola Cavalieri, 1993

216
Q

What is the Amboseli Baboon Research Project (ABRP)?

A

One of the world’s longest-running studies on wild primates, focusing on the savannah baboon

217
Q

What is the wild name for the savannah baboon?

A

Papio cynocephalus

218
Q

Where is the ABRP?

A

In Amboseli National Park in Kenya

219
Q

Who founded the ABRP and when?

A

Jeanne and Stuart Altmann, 1971

220
Q

Who introduced the thinking of Machiavelli into primatology and when? How?

A

Frans de Waal, 1975

A 6-year study on captive chimpanzees in Arnhem Zoo, the Netherlands

221
Q

Frans de Waal was insistent that his primates displayed emotion and intention, inspiring the theme of primate cognition which now revolves around the themes of…

A

Cooperation, altruism and fairness

222
Q

Who studied fertility suppression in common marmosets?

A

Abbott, 1984

223
Q

What is the Latin name for the common marmoset?

A

Callitrichix jacchus jacchus

224
Q

Abbott, 1984;

The study focused on lab families. What percentage of family groups prevented daughters from ovulating completely?

A

50%

225
Q

Abbott, 1984;

How were daughters prevented from ovulating?

A

Hypothalamic inhibition of LHRH (luteinising hormone-releasing hormone), producing inadequate gonadotrophin secretion

226
Q

Abbott, 1984;

In some families, one daughter was allowed to ovulate. Why?

A

She may have represented the next breeding female and no longer saw the mother as an inhibitory influence

227
Q

Abbott, 1984;

Subordinate and juvenile males were also prevented from mating, often resulting in a monogamous breeding system. How?

A

They were physically restrained by other males

228
Q

Who conducted recent research on Theory of Mind in chimpanzees?

A

Felix Warneken

229
Q

What did Felix Warneken find? Give 2 things.

A

Chimpanzees can tell whether a researcher wishes to retrieve a dropped object and pick it up for them.

Chimpanzees will only pick up the object if it was dropped accidentally, not if it was dropped on purpose in which case they ignore it.

Shows theory of mind, they can understand the researcher’s intentions

230
Q

Who proposed the idea of kin selection in primatology?

A

William Donald Hamilton, 1964

231
Q

Who proposed the idea of reciprocity in primatology?

A

Rpbert Trivers, 1971

232
Q

Who proposed the Handicap Principle?

A

Amotz Zahavi, 1975

233
Q

Cercopithecines have flat molars for grinding seeds. True or false?

A

True

COLOBINES DO NOT

234
Q

Frugivorous primates have larger home ranges and longer day ranges than folivorous. Why?

A

Because they have more energy

235
Q

Under the Local Resource Enhancement hypothesis, mothers bias the sex ratio of their offspring towards…

A

The philopatric sex

236
Q

Reproductive seasonality only occurs in species with highly specialised diets. True or false?

A

False

237
Q

What is the problem with using group selection to explain altruism?

A

Selfish primates (cheaters) would outcompete altruistic ones

238
Q

In which species were ‘proto-culture’ and traditions first observed?

A

Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)

239
Q

Second-order mental representation can be described as…

A

Mind-reading

240
Q

Give two advantages to using primates as models for behavioural ecology.

A
  1. Can recognise individuals

2. Can easily categorise behaviours

241
Q

Give two disadvantages to using primates as models for behavioural ecology.

A
  1. Human presence alters their behaviour

2. Primates are long-lived so cannot measure their lifetime repro success in a single discrete field study

242
Q

List 4 anatomical features that indicate primate ecology.

A
  1. Limb/hand structure (presence/absence of thumb)
  2. Tail morphology (prehensile or vestigial)
  3. Digestive apparatus (cheek pouches, sacculated stomachs)
  4. Eye morphology (size, tapetum)
243
Q

Give an example of a primate with a vestigial tail.

A

Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)

244
Q

List 4 characteristics that make certain males more attractive to females.

A
  1. Fitness-dependent traits
  2. Physical size
  3. Territory quality
  4. Dominance rank

Basically traits that show heritable quality and competitive ability

245
Q

When is dominance rank particularly influential in female choice? Give an example.

A

Is dispersing species, as males have to move their way up the hierarchy.

Most baboon species where females are philopatric

246
Q

What are the costs of group living? Give 4 examples.

A
  1. More members = more resource competition
  2. In one-male multi female groups, sperm becomes depleted
  3. Polygynandrous groups = higher chance of infanticide
  4. Larger groups are easier for predators to detect
247
Q

What are the benefits of group living?

A
  1. Predator defence
  2. Allies in resource acquisition in the philopatric sex
  3. Allomothering
  4. More potential mates in polygynandrous societies (less individuals excluded from mating)
248
Q

How can being a dominant female result in higher reproductive success? List 3 reasons.

A
  1. More resources to sustain gestation/lactation
  2. More resources causes younger age of menarchy
  3. Control resources so can channel them into offspring (Trivers-Willard hyp, 1973)
249
Q

What are the 3 hypotheses for concealed ovulation?

A
  1. Reduced infanticide
  2. Increased paternal investment
  3. Social-bonding hypothesis
250
Q

Explain the increased paternal investment hypothesis for concealed ovulation

A

If male cannot tell when a female is ovulating he will stay with her to mate throughout hr cycle

251
Q

Explain the social bonding hypothesis for concealed ovulation

A

If females are receptive throughout their cycle then it reduces male-male aggression common in species with defined breeding seasons

252
Q

What are the two hypotheses for why male primates will be friendly towards infants?

A
  1. Paternal care

2. Agonistic buffering

253
Q

Explain the paternal care hypothesis for male behaviour towards infants

A

Paternity uncertainty means the infant might be theirs, will benefit from their care

254
Q

Explain the agonistic buffering hypothesis for male behaviour towards infants. Give two species in which this has been observed (there are loads).

A

Males will pick up a baby to prevent another male attacking them, males will not risk hurting babies due to paternity uncertainty.

Geladas (Theropithecus gelada)
Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus)
255
Q

Name 4 factors that influence coalition formation

A
  1. Relatedness, e.g. Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) against infanticide
  2. Social bonding, e.g. grooming in capuchins (genus Cebus)
  3. Sexual bonding, e.g. female bonobos (Pan paniscus)
  4. Resource acquisition, e.g. non-related male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
256
Q

In which taxa is infanticide committed by females?

A

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Callitrichids (family Callitrichinae)

257
Q

What are the 4 methods of communication in primates?

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Visual
  3. Vocal
  4. Behavioural
258
Q

List 4 observations of tool use in chimpanzees, with the location and tool used.

A
  1. Fishing stick in Gombe, Tanzania
  2. Hammer and anvil, Nimba Mountains, Guinea
  3. Spears, Senegal
  4. Puncturing stick, Democratic Republic of Congo
259
Q

Why are females integral to evolution of tool usage?

A

Younger animals pick up techniques more quickly and they spend the most time with their mothers

260
Q

What kinds of tools have capuchins been seen using?

A

Hammer and anvil to crush seeds/nuts

Digging stones

261
Q

What kind of tools have orang-utans been seen using?

A

Sticks to measure water depth
Leaf umbrellas
Spears for fishing
Stones to open fruits

262
Q

Give 4 abilities of primates that show they have theory of mind.

A
  1. Imitation
  2. Deception
  3. Manipulation
  4. Teaching
263
Q

List things you are going to remember in the exam.

A
  1. To UNDERLINE LATIN NAMES
  2. That some MQCs have NO ANSWERS, he is trying to catch you out
  3. Shamelessly embellish all answers with any relevant facts that you know
264
Q

Where did Richard Wrangham begin his career?

A

At Gombe Stream under Jane Goodall

265
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

The ego’s reproductive output plus that of relatives

266
Q

Inclusive fitness can underlie the social bonding of a group. How?

A

Because related individuals are favoured, as we see in the philopatric sex

267
Q

Which researcher has studied sexual relationships among female bonobos?

A

Amy Parish

268
Q

Physical stress can affect reproductive output. Give 2 examples of this.

A
  1. Social/sexual relationships maximise repro output in bonobo females (Pan paniscus)
  2. Harassment from new harem residents in langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) can cause spontaneous abortion in females
269
Q

What evidence is there that sexual relationships have important social connotations in bonobos, outside of the reproductive context? Compare them to chimpanzees.

A

In bonobos:

  1. Swellings develop earlier
  2. A higher proportion of the cycle is spent in the tumescent state
  3. Swellings reappear more quickly after parturition
270
Q

What are the 3 benefits of coalition formation in bonobo females (Pan paniscus)?

A
  1. Increased access to resources
  2. Protection from male aggression
  3. Increased repro output from stress relief
271
Q

What is the Latin name of the western red colobus monkey, preferred food of the chimpanzee?

A

Procolobus badius

272
Q

What genus do tarsiers belong to?

A

Tarsius

273
Q

What is the genus name for the owl/night monkey?

A

Aotus

274
Q

What is the name for the saddleback tamarin?

A

Saguinus fuscicollis

275
Q

What genus do vervet monkeys belong to?

A

Chlorocebus

276
Q

What is the Latin name for the empowered tamarin?

A

Saguinus imperator

277
Q

What did Machiavelli write about in The Prince (sixteenth century)?

A

Immoral behaviour like dishonesty and infant killing in politics

278
Q

What does ‘Machiavellian’ mean?

A

Something that implies deceit, deviousness and realpolitik

Machiavellian intelligence requires diplomacy and deception to further the self

Year 3: Primate Ecology and Behaviour (16 decks)

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