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FACTS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the various airspeeds and their corrections?

A

— draw diagram —

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2
Q

Formula for dynamic pressure?

A

1/2 ρ V²

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3
Q

What is soft iron?

A

iron that becomes saturated easily and loses its magnetism easily

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4
Q

What is hard iron?

A

iron that is difficult to magnetise that keeps its magnetism

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5
Q

When do acceleration errors occur in relation to the magnetic compass?

A

When going E or W

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6
Q

What is a three axis data generator?

A

an artificial horizon gyro and a remote indicating compass all together in box

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7
Q

How many degrees of freedom does a Directional Indicator have?

A

2

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8
Q

What kind of spin axis does a Directional Indicator have?

A

Horizontal

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9
Q

What is DI Error?

A

Real Wander + Earth’s Rotation + Latitude Nut + Transport Wander

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10
Q

What are the signs for the different DI errors?

A
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11
Q

Formula for Transport wander?

A

Transport wander (°) = change of longitude x Sine (mean latitude)

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12
Q

Formula for Earth’s rotation

A

15 x Sin (Latitude) [degrees per hour]

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13
Q

What does a laser gyro measure?

A

Rotation

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14
Q

In the gyromagnetic compass , where does the signal feeding the precession amplifier come from?

A

the error detector

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15
Q

What causes gimballing errors?

A

banking the aircraft

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16
Q

what are the pressure conversion factors?

A

1lb/in² = 2 in Hg
1 in Hg = 3386.39 Pa
1 Bar = 100 000 Pa
1lb/in² = 0.0689 Ba

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17
Q

What are the elastic pressure sensing elements in increasing order of pressure sensed?

A 
Diaphragms
Aneroid capsule
Pressure capsule
Bellows
Bourdon Tubes
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18
Q

What are diaphragms typically used for?

A

sense the difference between cabin pressure and atmospheric pressue

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19
Q

What are the two types of bellows?

A

Aneroid and Pressure

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20
Q

What is a bellow made up of ?

A

Capsules

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21
Q

What might an aneroid bellow be used for?

A

Measure / sense the intake pressure of a gas turbine in order to control the fuel flow via and FCU or a FADEC

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22
Q

What shape is a Bourdon tube?

A

Curved like a C

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23
Q

What kinds of pressure are Bourdon tubes used to measure?

A

High and low, typically high

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24
Q

Example of Bourdon tube pressure measurement?

A

Engine oil pressure

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25
Q

What is the purpose of a damping choke on the Bourdon tube?

A

To prevent significant loss of oil in case the the indicator were to leak

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26
Q

What is a manifold absolute pressure gauge (MAP) for?

A

indicates the absolute pressure in the intake manifold of a piston engine

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27
Q

What is MAP and indication of?

A

Engine power

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28
Q

What is the upper limit of MAP on a normally aspirated engine?

A

atmospheric pressure

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29
Q

Where can a MAP greater than atmospheric be created?

A

In a supercharged engine (which pressurises the fuel/air mix)

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30
Q

Why might a MAP indicate atmospheric while the engine is running?

A

leak in the pressure gauge line

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31
Q

What is the formula relating torque and RPM

A

Torque x RPM = power

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32
Q

What does epicycloidal mean?

A

sun and planet gears

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33
Q

What are the two ways in which Torque can be measured?

A

1) By measuring the oil pressure at the fixed crown of a reducer gear on an epicycloidal main engine gearbox
2) By measuring change in phase between the torque shaft and the reference shaft

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34
Q

Popular system for measuring moderate temperatures?

A

nickel wire coil

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35
Q

What are nickel coil wire systems typically used for ?

A

OAT or cabin temperature

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36
Q

What kind of arrangement is used for sensing moderate temperatures?

A

Wheatstone bridge in conjunction with a ratiometer

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37
Q

What is an example of a self powered temperature gauge?

A

bi-metallic strip

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38
Q

What is a common use for a bi-metallic strip?

A
  • Operating temperature sensitive switches

- overheat detection systems

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39
Q

In a piston engine what is used for monitoring engine condition?

A

Cylinder head temperature (CHT)

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40
Q

What is exhaust head temperature used for in a piston engine?

A
  • mixture control

- performance

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41
Q

What temperature is measured in a gas turbine engine?

A

gas temperature

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42
Q

Where are TGT and EGT measured?

A

The outlet of the high pressure turbine

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43
Q

What is the range of temperatures sense in the outlet of the high pressure turbine?

A

700°C to 1000°C

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44
Q

What is used to measure gas temperature in a gas turbine engine?

A

a thermocouple

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45
Q

What is the principle of a thermocouple?

A

Dissimilar metals can create an electrical potential which is proportional to the temperature.

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46
Q

What is the name of the instrument used to detect very small changes in temperature in a thermocouple?

A

millivoltmeter or galvanometer

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47
Q

Where are the junctions of a thermocouple located?

A

Cold junction in the cockpit and hot junction in the gas pipe

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48
Q

Does a thermocouple require an external power source?

A

No

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49
Q

What is used for very high temperatures?

A

A radiation pyrometer

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50
Q

Formula for thermocouple?

A

E = K x Th

E= EMF
Th = hot junction temperature
K = constant
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51
Q

Formula for SAT?

A

SAT = TAT / ( 1 + K 0.2M²)

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52
Q

Formula for TAT?

A

TAT = SAT * ( 1 + 0.2M²)

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53
Q

What does float type fuel gauges require?

A

DC power supply

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54
Q

What is the formula for capacitance?

A

C = E x A / D

E = the dielectric permittivity
A = area of the plates
D = distance between the plates
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55
Q

What is the formula for the charge?

A

Q = C x V

Q = charge in coloumbs
C = capacitance in farads
V = voltage in volts
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56
Q

What is the relative capacitance of fuel compared to air?

A

fuel has twice the capacitance of air

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57
Q

What are primitive fuel flow indicators based on?

A

Venturi

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58
Q

What are the two systems for mass flow indicators?

A

Stator torque or rotor torque

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59
Q

What is used to measure rotational speed?

A

tachometer

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60
Q

Maximum practical length of drive on mechanical tachometer?

A

2m

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61
Q

What does a yellow or red section indicate on a RPM meter?

A

high prop vibration

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62
Q

Does a tachogenerator require an electrical supply?

A

NO

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63
Q

What is the advantage of the electric tachogenerator over the mechanical generator?

A

allows engines to be placed further away from the cockpit

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64
Q

What is a disadvantage of the DC electrical tachometer?

A

requires a commutator and carbon brushes, leads to wear and electrical sparking which can cause radio interference.

resistance causes voltage loss in transmission, which can cause an indication error

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65
Q

What happens to the out put of a single phase AC tachogenerator?

A

it gets rectified to DC

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66
Q

Which instrument uses a squirrel cage motor?

A

a 3 phase electrical tachogenerator

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67
Q

What is the principle of operation in the three-phase electrical tachometer?

A

Changes of frequency indicate RPM

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68
Q

What does a three-phase electrical tachometer consist of?

A

a three-phase generator, a synchronous motor and a magnetic tachometer

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69
Q

What is the advantage of the three phase electrical tachometer?

A

phase is sensed instead of voltage so voltage loss in transmission is not a problem

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70
Q

What is a potential disadvantage of the three-phase electrical tachometer?

A

wiring (if there is one!)

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71
Q

What is the idea behind the electronic tachometer?

A

senses RPM without and direct contact with the engine

uses a probe with an electromagnet to detect passage of notched teeth

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72
Q

How might the electronic tachometer be referred to?

A

Phonic wheel

Inductive probe tachometer

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73
Q

what is the synchroscope use for?

A

balance the RPM of a multi engine turboprop

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74
Q

What causes damage during vibration?

A

positive and negative acceleration

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75
Q

What does the vibration indicator indicate

A

the vibration amplitude at a particular frequency

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76
Q

What happens to the vibration signal before it is transmitted to the vibration indicator?

A

it is filtered (for unwanted frequencies) and amplified

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77
Q

What are N1 and N2 in a typical modern high-bypass engine?

A 
N1 = low speed or fan RPM
N2 = high-speed shaft RPM
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78
Q

How is thrust measured?

A

by the acceleration of a MASS of air

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79
Q

What is EPR?

A

EPR = turbine outlet pressure/compressor inlet pressure

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80
Q

What are the sensors used for thrust pressures?

A

either electro-mechanical based on bellows or electronic transmitters which use transducers

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81
Q

What happens if the compressor inlet sensor is blocked for take-off

A

EPR gauge would over read and insufficient thrust for take off would be set

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82
Q

What should the take-off EPR be crosschecked against?

A

N1 (alternative less accurate measurement of thrust)

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83
Q

In a capacity gauging system what is it that causes the effects on volume of fuel of temperature changes to be eliminated?

A

Because the dialetric constant varies directly with density

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84
Q

What does FADEC use as a primary thrust measurement ?

A

EPR and maybe N1 as a fallback

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85
Q

What is the measuring element of a manifold pressure gauge (MAP)?

A
  • 2 bellows joined together;
  • 1 aneroid
  • 1 pressure
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86
Q

What is a dielectric?

A

an insulating material

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87
Q

What is capacitance measured in?

A

farads

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88
Q

What can fuel flow be used for?

A

to monitor the performance of a jet engine - fuel flow integrated over time can be compared with the quantity from the fuel gauging system

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89
Q

What does a venturi flow indicator work?

A

reduced pressure in the venturi compatred to the normal pressure in the pipe in an indiction of flow rate

90
Q

What kind of sensor does the venturi flow indicator use?

A

a capsule

91
Q

How does the variable orifice flow indicator work?

A

vane displacement converted into electrical signal and fed to instrument

92
Q

Turbine volume flow indicators how?

A

blades of the turbine are build with magnetic inserts, as the turbine rotates blades pass an induction coil in the casing

93
Q

What is a disadvantage of a turbine volume flow indicator?

A

does not cope well with large flow rate and temperature changes

94
Q

What is the principle of the mass flow indicator?

A

displace fuel so that it swirls in pipes and then sense angular momentum.

angular momentum is a product of rotational speed and mass

95
Q

What is the idea with Stator Torque mass flowmeter?

A

Impeller turned at constant speed. A Stator (turbine mounted to a spring) take the twirl out of the fuel. The greater the angular momentum the more twisting force on the stator as it does this.

96
Q

What is the principle of the rotor torque mass flow meter?

A
  • impeller turned at fixed RPM.
  • motor lags behind rotor, spring is twisted
  • magnetic inserts create pulses in inductive pickups
  • time interval between pulses indicates the amount of twist on the spring and hence the mass flow
97
Q

What is the name for a system where fuel flow is integrated over a period of time and this is combined with the fuel flow indication?

A

Integrated flowmeter system

98
Q

what are two types of vibration sensors used?

A

Piezoelectric crystals or magnets.

99
Q

What do you need to make the compressibility correction from EAS to CAS?

A

pressure altitude

100
Q

What is position error?

A

error caused by airflow of the sensor being disturbed by the aircraft structure

101
Q

what is configuration error?

A

caused by changes in airflow over the sensor as flaps, slats or gear are selected

102
Q

what is manoeuvre error?

A

error caused by manoeuvre such as sideslips

103
Q

What is hysteresis error?

A

the reluctance of a capsule to change its shape after a period at one altitude

104
Q

What is the construction of the Machmeter?

A

a airspeed indicator and an altimeter in the same case

105
Q

What are the formulae for Mach Number?

A

M = TAS / LSS

AND

M = (Pitot - Static) / Static

106
Q

What is the formula for IAS?

A

IAS = Pitot - Static

107
Q

When is CAS = TAS & CAS = EAS?

A

at standard sea level conditions

108
Q

What defines the density correction applied to EAS?

A

pressure altitude and temperature

109
Q

What are the two sub categories of position error?

A

configuration error and manoeuvre error

110
Q

what is the difference between pressure error and position error?

A

nothing - they both refer to the same thing

111
Q

mach number can be through of as a measure of what?

A

compressibility

112
Q

what is the difference between pressure altitude and true altitude?

A

pressure altitude is not affected by temperature

113
Q

What is VMO

A

Maximum operating limit in knots

114
Q

What does the Striped needle on the airspeed indicator indicate?

A

VMO

115
Q

What causes pressure error to vary?

A

speed of the aircraft

116
Q

what causes the position error of an altimeter to vary?

A

speed of the aircraft; position error increases with speed,

position error is due to the disrupted airflow over the pressure sensors

117
Q

What is VNO?

A

Maximum Normal Operating Speed

118
Q

Considerind the ASI what is the green scale for ?

A

clear aircraft configuration

119
Q

Considering the ASI what is the white scale for?

A

landing configuration

120
Q

What is the St. Verant formula used for?

A

used with CAS to derive EAS

121
Q

What can be said about the compressibility error correction from CAS to EAS?

A

It is always negative and depends only on Mach number

122
Q

What is the purpose of the vibrating device in an altimeter?

A

reduce the friction of the linkages

123
Q

What are the inputs of the ADC

A

Static Pressure, Total Pressure, TAT

124
Q

What is Vy?

A

Best single engine rate of climb speed

125
Q

What are the main inputs to an air data computer?

A
  • TAT
  • Static Pressure
  • Total Pressure
  • (Angle of Attack) - peripheral input
126
Q

In the case of the remote indicating compass when will the rotor coil have a current induced in it?

A

It will have a current induced unless it is at 90° to the resultant field by which it is surrounded.

127
Q

What type of gyro is used in a remote indicating compass?

A

a tied gyro with two gimbals and therefore 2 degrees of freedom, controlled in topple and drift.

128
Q

Summarise acceleration/deceleration errors in Northern and Southern hemispheres

A

E/W Acceleration: turn towards near pole

E/W Deceleration: turn towards far pole

129
Q

What is the aclinic line?

A

line of no magnetic dip

130
Q

When are turning errors maximum?

A

Turning through North or South

131
Q

When are turning errors zero?

A

Turning through East & West

132
Q

Where would turning errors be worst?

A

Turning errors are function of dip so will be worst at the poles

133
Q

Where would turning errors be least?

A

Turning errors are a function of dip so will be least on the aclinic line

134
Q

How do turning errors vary with bank angle?

A

Turning errors are a function of bank angle so with greater errors at greater bank angles

135
Q

What is the effect of liquid swirl?

A

Lag (increases lag and decreases lead) in all cases

136
Q

what is parallax error

A

error caused by reading something from the side, not looking at it directly

137
Q

What is the purpose of a compass swing?

A

To remove deviation ( or to get it within the limits of the compass and record the residual deviation)

138
Q

How is deviation compensated for?

A

By adjusting pairs of permanent magnets

139
Q

Where is the flux density greatest in a magnet?

A

a short distance from the ends of the magnet

140
Q

What are the standardised rates of turn?

A

Rate 1: 180° a minute
Rate 2: 360° a minute
Rate 3: 540° a minute

141
Q

Where is the directive force of the earth’s magnetic field greatest?

A

At the magnetic equator

142
Q

What causes the quadrantal deviation of the magnetic compass?

A

the soft iron pieces influenced by the geomagnetic field

143
Q

Considering the artificial horizon, what happens when a aircraft decelerates on landing?

A

False nose down indication and bank to the left

144
Q

A DI has which kind of spin axis?

A

horizontal

145
Q

A DI has how many degrees of freedom?

A

2

146
Q

A DI has how many degrees of freedom?

A

2

147
Q

Describe the artificial Horizon Pitching and Bank errors

A
148
Q

What is an out of balance yawing force into the turn called?

A

Slip

149
Q

What is an out of balance yawing force out of the turn called?

A

Slip

150
Q

What is yaw?

A

movement of the aircraft around its own vertical axis

151
Q

What is turn?

A

turn is the movement of the aircraft about the earth vertical axis and will result in a change of heading

152
Q

How is the direction or rotation chosen in a turn indicator?

A

So that when the aircraft banks into a balanced turn the gyro precesses in the opposite roll sense to keep its axis more or less horizontal and therefore keep it more sensitive to turn rate

153
Q

What will the reading of a turn indicator be if the electrical supple fails?

A

Zero as the gyro will stop. Any leaks or reductions in voltage tend to make the turn indicator under read.

154
Q

What errors is the slip indicator subject to?

A

None

155
Q

What is the formula for Angle of bank?

A

Angle of bank = ( TAS / 10 ) + 7

156
Q

What is the formula for the radius of the turn in NM?

A

Radius of turn = TAS / ( Rate of turn * 60 pie )

157
Q

How does a Turn Co-ordinator differ from a turn indicator?

A
  • Gimbal is raised at the font by 30°

- sensitive to both roll and yaw

158
Q

What turns to turn co-ordinators indicate accurately?

A

Rate one turns

159
Q

How will acceleration affect the artificial horizon?

A

Nose up attitude

160
Q

How will deceleration affect the artificial horizon?

A

Nose down attitude

161
Q

What is gimbal error associated with?

A

Banking the aircraft

162
Q

How many degrees of freedom in a 3 axis data generator?

A

2

163
Q

What spin axis does a 3-axis data generator have

A

VERTICAL

164
Q

Why are air driven artificial horizons made pendulous?

A

To reduce erection time on startup

165
Q

How is the artifical horizon’s spin axis tied to the earth vertical?

A

By a system of pendulous vanes and air jets that make the gyro precess back to the vertical if it is displaced

166
Q

what are the advantages of the electrically driven AH?

A
  • more rigid. squirrel cage motor drives twice as fast
  • erection system can be made very fast
  • turn and accelerations errors minimised to eliminated
167
Q

How does the electrically driven AH detect displacement of the spin axis?

A

Mercury tilt switches

168
Q

What can an electronic AH do in a turn?

A

Cut out the erection system

169
Q

what sign does apparent drift have in the Northern Hemisphere?

A

Right/Clockwise —> Heading reduces —> Negative Sign

170
Q

What is an EARTH gyro?

A

Spin axis is tied by EARTH’s gravity to remain in the EARTH VERTICAL

171
Q

What is wander?

A
  • movement of spin axis away from initial direction

- DRIFT OR TOPPLE

172
Q

Which flights are affected by transport wander?

A

Flights that go East or West

173
Q

When does gimbal error occur in the DI?

A

when banking ( gimbals are not in line)

174
Q

What is measured in order to display rate of turn?

A

Yaw

175
Q

How is the gyro of a gyromagentic compass in azimuth?

A

a TORQUE motor

176
Q

In a remote indicating compass what feeds the torque motor?

A

the precession amplifier

177
Q

How many gyros are in an AHRS (attitude and heading reference system)?

A

3

178
Q

What does Latitude nut account for?

A

Earth rotation

179
Q

What information can the INS provide?

A
  • Position
  • Track
  • Heading
  • GS
  • Height
180
Q

What does a high cost index mean when entered into the FMS?

A

High airspeed and high fuel consuption

181
Q

What does cost index 0 result in in the FMS?

A

maximum RANGE airspeed

182
Q

What is the primary purpose of the autopilot?

A

reduce pilot workload

183
Q

Define autopilots based on their axes?

A

Single axis: roll
Two Axis: pitch& roll
Thee Axis pitch, roll & yaw

184
Q

What are the basic functions of the autopilot?

A

pitch and roll attitude hold

185
Q

What are the operating modes of a full 3 axis autopilot?

A
  • heading, altitude and vertical speed capture and hold
  • IAS ot MACH hold
  • Coupling to VOR track and to ILS Localiser and glidepath
  • Coupling to FMS horizontal and vertical profiles
  • Autoland
186
Q

What operations can not be carried ot without autopilot?

A
  • CAT II & CAT III approaches
  • ETOPS
  • Reduced Vertical Separation Minima
187
Q

What is the function of the outer loop in an autopilot system?

A

Control the inner loop to stabalise

188
Q

In an autopilot what is used to control the speed in the

climb?

A

Pitch control

189
Q

In an autopilot what is used to control the speed in the glide path and altitude hold modes?

A

the autothrottle

190
Q

Which look is used to controls stablity?

A

inner loop

191
Q

With mach tuck where does the centre of pressure move?

A

rearwards

192
Q

When does Mach trim system operate?

A

At high mach numbers e.g 0.7 - 1.0

193
Q

What does mach trim change?

A

the horizontal stabilizer

194
Q

What are the EUROCAE software failure levels?

A

Level A - Catastrophic

Level B - Hazardous

Level C - Major

Level D - Minor

Level E - No effect

195
Q

The flight data recorders must preserve the conversation and aural warnings of the last :

A

30mins

196
Q

flight data recording system must be able to store the recorded data for a minimum of the last

A

25 hours

197
Q

How is a TCAS II resolution advisory represented?

A

a red square

198
Q

What audio warning doesTCAS II provide?

A

“climb” “descend”

199
Q

How is a traffic advisory represented in TCAS II

A

Solid amber circle

200
Q

In radio altimeter what is the height measurement based on?

A

A frequency modulation wave between 4200-4400MHz, for which the frequency difference between the transmitted wave and the received wave after ground reflection indicates true height.

201
Q

What is the maximum range of the radio altimeter

A

0-2500ft

202
Q

The solid white or cyan diamond denotes ?

A

The solid white or cyan diamond denotes traffic inside 6nm and 1200ft OR inside 6nm with no altitude data. In this example we have altitude data.

203
Q

What signals to radio altimeters use?

A

use continuous wave (CW) NOT pulsed signals and have an operating frequency range between 4200MHz and 4400MHz. (SHF)

204
Q

GMWS Minimum operating range?

A

50’ - 2500’

205
Q

The radio altimeter uses which wavelengths?

A

4200-4400MHz is a Super High Frequency and is Centimetric in length.

206
Q

When is the stall warning required?

A

The higher of 5KT CAS above the level flight stalling speed or 105% of the level flight stalling speed for the aircraft configuration at the time

207
Q

When is a take off warning created?

A

if the aircraft is not in the correct configuration for take off; incorrect flap or trim setting (stabiliser not in the correct position), parking brake on

208
Q

What frequency band does the radio altimeter use?

A

SHF or Centimetric

209
Q

What radio band does the radio altimeter use?

A

4200-4400MHz

210
Q

How many antenna does a radio altimeter use?

A

2 - one for transmission and one for reception

211
Q

What are the inputs to the GPWS

A

The inputs to GPWS are easily recalled by the mnemonic ‘Royal Air Force Navigator’

R - radio altimeter
A - air data computer (includes vertical speed and pressure altitude)
F - flaps/gear (configuration)
N - Nav receiver (ILS glideslope deviation)

212
Q

GPWS height span?

A

2,500’ - 50’

213
Q

What are the TCAS inputs

A

The TCAS computer receives inputs from: Transponders (Pressure Altitude from mode C), Rad alt (Prevents an RA below 1000’) and a/c configuration (flaps/gear).

214
Q

What is the use of the Radio altimeter in TCAS II?

A

The Rad alt input to TCAS gradually inhibits RA’s until at 1000’ and below RA’s are prevented.

215
Q

Your TCAS determines the bearing of the intruding aircraft by:

A

TCAS II uses a directional antenna to determine the relative bearing of an intruder.

216
Q

What is currently the best air to ground radio system to use when flying over the North pole?

A

HF

217
Q

What frequencies can Datalink communications can use?

A

Datalink communications can use: SATCOM, HF COM or VHF COM. Satcom is the fastest data transmission, then VHF, and lastly HF.

218
Q

What is CPDLC?

A

CPDLC is a Pilot/ATC data link.

219
Q

What is the nature of CPDLS communications?

A

If the communication is regarding the piloting of the a/c, then it will be a CPDLC .

220
Q

What kind of pressure does an aneroid capsule measure?

A

absolute pressure.

INST (8 decks)

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