Factors That Influence Learning (part 1)

Question 1

Prior to entering school how do children develop motor skills

Answer 1

Through life experiences

Question 2

Why do children arrive at school with different stages of motor skill development

Answer 2

Their life experiences can be quite diverse

Question 3

What link is their with motor skill competency

Answer 3

Increased physical activity

Question 4

Wha is the relationship for children and adults between motor skill competence and PA

Answer 4

Their perception of motor skill competence and their willingness to be physically active
The less competent individuals feel about their motor skills, the less willing they are the be physically active

Question 5

What is the circular challenge attached to perceived competence and competence in motor skills

Answer 5

If people perceive themselves to be less competent in a motor skill, they are less likely to participate in an activity that require that motor skill, so less likely to develop that motor skill, further strengthening reality that fuelled the initial perception

Question 6

Prior to age 8 what do young children thinking about their motor skill competence

Answer 6

Do not have accurate perception
- think they’re really good
- important to help them understand what their motor skill realities are

Question 7

If children do not develop a feeling of competence in their motor skills what can happen

Answer 7

The feeling of incompetence can further fuel decisions on their part to be physically inactive as get older

Question 8

What is the underlying assumption of PE programming

Answer 8

All children can reach a baseline level of motor skill competence that will support a physically active lifestyle

Question 9

Physical literacy

Answer 9

The ability, confidence, and desire to be physically active for life

Question 10

How is the ability, confidence, and desire acquired

Answer 10

Through the process of learning

Question 11

What does the process of learning involve

Answer 11

The acquisition, assimilation, and accommodation of new info

Question 12

How is learning commonly thought of

Answer 12

As relatively permanent change in behaviour resulting from the interaction of training and biological processes

Question 13

Why is it difficult for teachers to monitor learning

Answer 13

Actual neurological changes in the learner cannot be observed directly

Question 14

How can learning be confirmed

Answer 14

Only through the actions of the learner

Question 15

What is important for PE teachers to observe to know if student has truly learned

Answer 15

The consistency of performance

Question 16

What does inconsistency of performance suggest

Answer 16

Learning is not yet complete

Question 17

Zone of proximal development

Answer 17

Middle- tasks that learner can do without assistance
Inner- tasks that learner can do with assistance
outer- tasks that learner cannot do even with assistance

Question 18

With respect to motor skills when will students become discouraged or frustrated

Answer 18

If they are asked to try and learn something that is too advanced for their current level of knowledge and understanding (zone of proximal development)

Question 19

How are motor skills acquired

Answer 19

Through a variety of life experiences, with PE being one category of those experiences

Question 20

Can children learn motor skills independent of teachers

Answer 20

Yes however involvement of PE teachers increases probability of enhanced motor skill development in children

Question 21

How can teachers maximize the benefits of their instruction

Answer 21

target specific areas of motor skill development

Question 22

Direct instruction

Answer 22

Teacher tells and demonstrates for students what they should try and do (this one often used)

Question 23

Environmental design

Answer 23

Teacher tries to create conditions where the student has to try and use particular motor skills

Question 24

Although many different approaches used in teaching motor skills what will they all be consistent with

Answer 24

Learning models: behaviourist model, information-processing model, cognitive strategy model

Question 25

What do behaviourists believe

Answer 25

Individuals are largely shaped by their experiences

Question 26

2 implications of behaviourist learning model

Answer 26

Skill acquisition
Feedback and reinforcement

Question 27

Skill acquisition (behaviourist)

Answer 27

Focuses on how motor skills are learned through repetitive practice and reinforcement, with less emphasis on internal cognitive processes

Question 28

Feedback and reinforcement (behaviourist)

Answer 28

importat for shaping and maintaining motor skills
- frequent practice and rewards can lead to improves performance and skill retention

Question 29

What is lost with behaviourist approach is constantly externally motivated

Answer 29

Intrinsic motivation

Question 30

Information processing learning model

Answer 30

Approach seeks to help students connect new info with what they already know (assimilation), or help students make sense intellectually of completely new info (accommodation)

Question 31

2 Implications of information processing model

Answer 31

Skill development
Practice and automation

Question 32

Skill development (info-processing)

Answer 32

Focuses on how efficiently info is processed and how errors in processing can affect motor performance

Question 33

Practice and automation (info-processing)

Answer 33

Emphasizes the role of practice in improving the efficiency of info processing and automating motor skills to reduce cognitive load during performance

Question 34

The cycle of information processing model

Answer 34

Feedback -> input -> decision making -> output ->feedback ->

Question 35

Input

Answer 35

Your senses tell you what is happening

Question 36

Decision making

Answer 36

Your brain decides what to do

Question 37

Output

Answer 37

Your body carries out the action

Question 38

Feedback

Answer 38

You find out whether or not you have been successful

Question 39

Cognitive strategy approach

Answer 39

Advocates a sort of “guided discovery” experience
Students are placed in conditions that will most likely yield the desired learning

Question 40

Implications of the cognitive strategy

Answer 40

Skill acquisition
Instruction and feedback

Question 41

skill acquisition (cognitive approach)

Answer 41

Focuses on how learners process info, develop mental representations of movements, and use theses representations to guide performance

Question 42

Instruction and feedback (cognitive)

Answer 42

Emphasizes the importance of clear instructions and feedback to help learners understand and improve their motor skills