Factors influencing health status and burden of disease

Question 1

Smoking

Answer 1

DEFINITION: A practice in which a substance is burned, and the resulting smoke is inhaled and absorbed into the bloodstream. Generally relates to tobacco smoking, but can also include marijuana and other drugs.
o	Buzz Words:
	Cardiovascular disease
	Asthma
	Lung Cancer
	Second hand smoke

Question 2

Alcohol

Answer 2

o	DEFINITION: The consumption of alcoholic beverages in excess, or having a constant desire to drink alcohol.
o	Buzz Words:
	High kilojoule (Obesity)
	Judgement/Risky behaviours
	Filtered through liver -> Liver damage
        CVD -> stroke/heart attack
        Diabetes

Question 3

High BMI

Answer 3

DEFINITION: The Body Mass Index is an approximate measure of whether someone is overweight or underweight, and is calculated through dividing their weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. A high BMI indicates that an adult that has a weight that is above a healthy weight. People with a high BMI are often classified as overweight or obese.
o	Buzz Words
	Strain on body
	Cardiovascular Disease
	Type 2 Diabetes (Insulin resistance)
	Hypertension
	Asthma
	Arthritis and osteoporosis.

Question 4

Under consumption of fruit and vegetables

Answer 4

DEFINITION: Fruits and vegetables provide a range of essential nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, and fibre, and are additionally low in fat and a good source of antioxidants. As a result, fruits and vegetables can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, some cancers, and neural tube defects.
o Buzz Words
Cardiovascular disease (Coronary heart disease,
stroke)
Colorectal cancer
Overweight/Obesity
Low kilojoule

Question 5

Under consumption of dairy

Answer 5

DEFINITION: Dairy refers to milk, cheese, and yoghurt created from animal milk. The main nutritional contribution of dairy is the provision of calcium, a mineral essential for a range of functions in the human body.
o Buzz Words
Osteoporosis
Dental caries (strengthen teeth)

Question 6

High intake of salt

Answer 6

o DEFINITION: One of the main components of salt is sodium. Whilst sodium is required for optimal human functioning, too much can contribute to negative health outcomes.
o Buzz Words
Sodium draws water into blood -> Hypertension ->
CVD
Excess sodium -> Calcium excreted into urine ->
Osteoporosis
Sodium draws water into blood -> Increase blood
volume -> Heart has to work harder -> Heart failure

Question 7

High intake of sugar

Answer 7

DEFINITION: Sugar is a type of carbohydrate found naturally in some foods such as honey and fruits, and is added to various processed foods such as soft drinks and cordials. Sugars are required as fuel for energy production, but if eaten in excess, may be stored as adipose tissue.
o Buzz Words
Overweight/Obesity and resulting diseases.
Sugar provide food source for bacteria in mouth ->
Dental decay/Development of dental

Question 8

Low intake of fibre

Answer 8

DEFINITION: Fibre is a type of carbohydrate that is required for optimal health and wellbeing. It is found in all foods of plant origin, and is not absorbed by the body.
o Insoluble Fibre does not absorb moisture
o Soluble Fibre absorbs moisture
o Buzz Words
Promote feeling of fullness
Overweight/Obesity
Colorectal cancer (polyps)

Question 9

low intake of iron

Answer 9

DEFINITION: Iron is an essential part of the blood. It forms the ‘haem’ part of haemoglobin, which is the oxygen carrying part of the blood.
o Buzz Words
Anaemia (struggle to generate enough energy)