factors contributing to sim + diff in HS & BOD

Question 1

access to safe water

Answer 1

kids carrying heavy loads of water for long distances -> musculoskeletal conditions -> incidence/YLD

contaminated water -> increases risk of water-borne diseases (cholera) -> morbidity/DALY

those living in LIC generally experience lower access to clean water compared to those living in HIC due to a lack of government laws and funding -> greater risk of consuming contaminated water -> water-borne diseases such as cholera -> however, HIC generally have the resources to supply its citizens with safe water therefore they may experience a decreased incidence of water-borne diseases compared to those of low-income countries.

Question 2

sanitation

Answer 2

inadequate sanitation -> increased contaminated water supplies -> increase of infectious diseases (cholera) -> increased DALY/incidence

lack of private toilets -> girls may have to go at night -> increased risk of harassment -> reduces self assessed health status

Question 3

poverty

Answer 3

reduces ability to buy food -> undernutrition -> decreases immune function -> increased risk of premature death -> mortality/YLL

inadequate housing -> dont have proper ventilation like chimneys -> increase of indoor air pollution -> increase risk of pneumonia in kids -> under 5 mortality rate/YLL

Question 4

race based discrimination

Answer 4

increases risk of displacement -> reduces education opportunities for kids -> low health literacy -> increases risk of negative behaviours like alcohol drinking-> increases YLL from road accidents due to drink driving

increases stress levels -> high blood pressure -> excess strain on heart -> CVD -> incidence/YLD

Question 5

religion based discrimination

Answer 5

contributes to:

increased rate of alcohol abuse -> scarring of liver tissue -> liver disease -> morbidity/YLD

increased rate of smoking -> reduces amount of oxygen in blood -> increases hypertension -> CVD -> incidence/DALY

Question 6

sex based discrimination

Answer 6

women forced into marriage -> lesser feelings of belonging -> less likely to have positive self assessed health status

girls getting married at young age -> have kids before they’re biologically ready -> maternal mortality rate

Question 7

sexual orientation based discrimination

Answer 7

refused jobs -> no income -> poverty -> incidence/DALY

physical beatings -> mentally distraught -> depression -> morbidity/YLD

Question 8

gender identity based discrimination

Answer 8

more mental disorders -> stress -> depression -> morbidity/YLD

more suicide -> less individuals in population -> mortality/YLL

Question 9

processed foods

Answer 9

HIC have more access to processed foods -> more consumption of saturated fats -> high cholesterol -> atherosclerosis -> morbidity/YLD

LIC are developing more infrastructure -> more fast food outlets -> double burden of disease

Question 10

alcohol

Answer 10

lack of resources needed to educate ppl on consequences of drinking -> ppl continue to drink excessively -> scarring of liver tissue -> liver disease -> morbidity/YLD

Question 11

smoking

Answer 11

no graphic pics on cigarette packaging -> ppl r not aware of the consequences -> reduces amount of oxygen in blood -> hypertension -> CVD