factors affecting prejudice Flashcards
How can the Authoritarian personality be applied to prejudice?
People with this personality type are often hostile to minority groups and those who don’t conform to authority - causing prejudice towards them.
what is cohrs et al 2012 study
self reports and questionnaires
individual differences authoritarian personality - right wing authoritarianism rigid and inflexible dislike of change, and social dominance orientation desire superiority and ruthless
How does the childhood of those with an Authoritarian personality correlate with prejudice?
Individuals with a strict upbringing were unable to express their hostility towards their parents for fear of punishment and so it was differed to minority groups (a safer target)
how does adorno link to developmental psychology
authortarian personality develops during childhood due to harsh parenting and negative feelings which child feels are repressed and displaced onto weaker members in society while maintaining respect for authority
How does the childhood of those with an Authoritarian personality correlate with prejudice?
Individuals with a strict upbringing were unable to express their hostility towards their parents for fear of punishment and so it was differed to minority groups (a safer target)
PEEC Evidence personality
a strength of this theory is the supporting evidence from Adorno. He found that those who scored highly on the F-scale shared traits of hostility towards minorities. therefore, this supports the idea of an authoritarian personality leading to prejudice.
however Adorno has low validity. this is because The information on ppts’ childhood was drawn from their own recollections (retrospective data) and was self-report. therefore, there are elements of subjectivity and social desirability which reduce authenticity.
PEE Application Personality
a strength of this theory is that it has applications. for example, it states that prejudice occurs due to having trait of hostility towards minorities due to childhood. therefore, it is useful at identifying an explanation for prejudice so can help to find a solution targeting changing personality or authoritarian people’s attitudes towards minorities
PEEC generalisability Personality
a weakness of the theory is that the attitudes could be described as outdated or old fashioned. for example, Adorno’s study took place in the 1950s and societal values have changed since then such as racism towards black people is not so apparent now. therefore, it won’t be as applicable to modern day prejudice and so less credible of an explanation for prejudice now
what is a individualistic culture mean
britian and america- behave more independently resisting conformity and compliance with their culture
what is a collectivist culture
importance of whole group as a collective and behave as a collect group based on interdependence so compliance is important for stability
Give 2 pieces of evidence to support differing social norms as a reason for prejudice.
Katz and Brady conducted a questionnaire on American students investigating national stereotypes they had about other cultures. Gave students list off different ethnic groups and adjectives they associated them with and many put african americans as lazy and jews and shrewd.
Karlins et al replicated this and found while some national stereotypes changed other persisted- shows culture does influence beliefs and as cultures change so do prejudices they hold
Give a piece of evidence to support multiculturalism as a reason for prejudice.
Guimond = found that cultures involving MC were pro-diversity and cultures involving AS were more prejudice with the lowest level of prejudice found in Canada (MC) and highest level of prejudice found in Germany (AS). therefore demonstrates that multicultural cultures are more prejudiced
Give a piece of evidence to support collectivism as a reason for prejudice.
Kleugal = Found that collectivism is associated with greater tolerance and lower racism. suggests that collectivist cultures are less likely to show prejudice
Give a piece of evidence to reject collectivism as a reason for prejudice.
Al-Zahrani and Kaplowitz = found that Saudi people (a collectivist culture) reported more in-group favouritism and negative out-group bias than American people (an individualistic culture). therefore suggests that collectivism increases prejudice instead of lowers it
Evaluate a strength of this explanation of prejudice
1) Holistic as it looks at wider issues unlike narrow personality theories, therefore findings are more credible
2) The recognition of some cultures being more prejudice than others may cause them to change their norms and values to a more positive view to avoid hate
Evaluate a weakness of this explanation of prejudice.
unethical
Suggesting some cultures are more prejudice than others can have negative repercussions which can lead to more prejudice
