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KIN 269 > FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE > Flashcards

FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE Flashcards

1
Q

What factors affect performance?

A

Diet (carbs, water intake)

Energy Production

Aerobic sources (VO2 max, cardiac output, O2 delivery, [Hb], PO2, O2 extraction, mitochondria)

Environment (altitude, heat, humidity)

Strength/Skill (practice, natural endowment, body type, muscle fibre type)

CNS function (arousal, motivation)

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2
Q

What is fatigue?

A

Inability to maintain power output or force during repeated muscle contractions.

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3
Q

What is central fatigue?

A

Central nervous system.

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4
Q

What is central fatigue?

A

Central nervous system.

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5
Q

What is Peripheral fatigue?

A

Neural factors.

Mechanical factors.

Energetics of contraction.

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6
Q

Why is there
Uncertainty about exact causes of fatigue?

A

Due to differences in research methods.

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7
Q

Central fatigue characterized by reductions in?

A

Motor units activated.

Motor unit firing frequency.

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8
Q

Central fatigue characterized by reductions in?

A

Motor units activated.

Motor unit firing frequency.

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9
Q

How CNS arousal can alter the state of fatigue?

A

By facilitating motor unit recruitment.

Increasing motivation.

Physical or mental diversion.

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10
Q

What does Excessive endurance training (overtraining) cause?

A

Reduced performance, prolonged fatigue, etc.

Related to brain serotonin activity.

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11
Q

What is the “Central Governor” model?

A

Conscious and subconscious brain, not spinal cord or motor unit.

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11
Q

What is the “Central Governor” model?

A

Conscious and subconscious brain, not spinal cord or motor unit.

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12
Q

What part of muscle is Not the site of fatigue?

A

Neuromuscular junction

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13
Q

What happens in the Sarcolemma and transverse tubules?

A

Altered muscle membrane to conduction and action potentials.

Inability of Na+/K+ pump to maintain action potential amplitude and frequency.

Can be improved by training.

An action potential block in the T-tubules.

Reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum C a++ release.

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14
Q

Cross-bridge cycling and tension development depends on?

A

Arrangement of actin and myosin.

C a++ binding to troponin.

ATP availability.

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15
Q

What may High H+ concentration may contribute to fatigue?

A

Reduce the force per cross-bridge.

Reduce the force generated at a given C a++ concentration.

Inhibit C a++ release from SR.

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16
Q

Why is
Longer “relaxation time” is a sign of fatigue?

A

Due to slower cross-bridge cycling.

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17
Q

Imbalance between ATP requirements and ATP generating capacity causes?

A

Accumulation of P i.

Inhibits maximal force.

Reduces cross-bridge binding to actin.

Inhibits C a++ release from SR.

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18
Q

Why is the Rate of ATP utilization is slowed faster than rate of ATP generation?

A

Maintains ATP concentration.

The cell does not run out of ATP.

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19
Q

How does Muscle fiber recruitment in increasing intensities of exercise?

A

Type I -> Type IIa -> Type IIx

Up to 40-50% VO2 max type I fibers recruited

Type IIa fibers recruited at 40–75% VO2 max

Exercise >75-80% VO2 max requires IIx fibers

Results in increased lactate production and H+ ions

Increasing glycolysis

20
Q

How does Exercise promotes muscle free radical production?

A

Radicals are molecules with an unpaired outer orbital electron.

Capable of damaging proteins and lipids in muscle.

21
Q

Does exercise contribute to fatigue during exercise >30 min?

A

Yes it can

22
Q

What are Damage contractile proteins (myosin and troponin)?

A

Limits the number of cross-bridges in strong binding state.

23
Q

Why does exercise Depress sodium/potassium pump activity?

A

Disruption of potassium homeostasis

24
Q

Why don’t Antioxidant supplements do not prevent fatigue?

A

High antioxidant doses can impair muscle performance.

N-acetyl-cysteine is only antioxidant delay exercise-induced muscle fatigue.

25
Q

Why don’t Antioxidant supplements do not prevent fatigue?

A

High antioxidant doses can impair muscle performance.

N-acetyl-cysteine is only antioxidant delay exercise-induced muscle fatigue.

26
Q

What are Ultra short-term performances and what do they do?

A

Events <10 seconds (high power events).

Dependent on recruitment of Type 2 muscle fibers.

Generate great forces that are needed.

Motivation, skill, and arousal are important.

Primary energy source is anaerobic.

ATP-PC system and glycolysis.

Creatine supplementation may improve performance.

27
Q

Short-term performances characterized by?

A

Events lasting 10 to 180 seconds.

Shift from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism.

70% energy supplied anaerobically at 10 seconds.

60% supplied aerobically at 180 seconds.

Fueled primarily by anaerobic glycolysis.

Results in elevated lactate and H+ levels.
Interferes with C a++ binding with troponin.

Interferes with glycolytic ATP production.

Ingestion of buffers may improve performance.

28
Q

Short-term performances characterized by?

A

Events lasting 10 to 180 seconds.

Shift from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism.

70% energy supplied anaerobically at 10 seconds.

60% supplied aerobically at 180 seconds.

Fueled primarily by anaerobic glycolysis.

Results in elevated lactate and H+ levels.
Interferes with C a++ binding with troponin.

Interferes with glycolytic ATP production.

Ingestion of buffers may improve performance.

29
Q

Moderate-duration performances encompass?

A

Events lasting 3 to 20 minutes

A high VO2 max is advantageous

Requires energy expenditure near VO2 max

30
Q

What happens during Events lasting 3 to 20 minutes?

A

60% ATP generated aerobically at 3 minutes.

90% ATP supplied aerobically at 20 minutes.

31
Q

Why is a A high VO2 max is advantageous?

A

High maximal stroke volume.

High arterial oxygen content.

Hemoglobin content.

Inspired oxygen.

32
Q

Why do moderate-duration performances require energy expenditure near VO2 max?

A

Type 2x fibers recruited.

High levels of lactate and H+ accumulation

33
Q

Why do moderate-duration performances require energy expenditure near VO2 max?

A

Type 2x fibers recruited.

High levels of lactate and H+ accumulation

34
Q

Intermediate-duration performances encompass?

A

Events lasting 21 to 60 minutes

Other important factors

Environmental factors

35
Q

Why is intermediate-duration performance predominately aerobic?

A

Usually conducted at <90% VO2 max.

High VO2 max is important.

36
Q

What other factors are involved in Intermediate-duration performances?

A

Running economy or exercise efficiency.

High percentage of type 1 muscle fibers.

37
Q

What Environmental factors are involved in Intermediate-duration performances?

A

Heat and humidity.

State of hydration.

Lactate threshold.

38
Q

Why does VO2 max sets the upper limit for ATP production in endurance events?

A

Even though race is not run at 100% VO2 max.

A 2:15 marathon requires sustaining a VO2 of 60 ml per kg−1 per min −1

At 80% VO2 max, this requires VO2 max of 75 ml per kg −1 per min −1

39
Q

Performance also determined by?

A

%VO2 max at which runner can maintain performance.

Estimated by the lactate threshold.

Running economy.

40
Q

Long-term performances encompass?

A

Events lasting 1 to 4 hours

Environmental factors more important.

Maintaining rate of carbohydrate utilization

Consumption of fluids and electrolytes.

Diet also influences performance

41
Q

What events are Clearly aerobic?

A

Events lasting 1 to 4 hours

42
Q

What causes the Maintaining rate of carbohydrate utilization?

A

Muscle and liver glycogen stores decline.

Ingestion of carbohydrate.

Maintain carbohydrate oxidation by the muscle.

43
Q

What causes the Maintaining rate of carbohydrate utilization?

A

Muscle and liver glycogen stores decline.

Ingestion of carbohydrate.

Maintain carbohydrate oxidation by the muscle.

44
Q

Ultra-endurance events characterized by?

A

Examples.
166 km mountain run, Triple Iron Triathlon, 24 hour run.

Most important variables.

VO2 max.

%VO2 max that can be sustained.

45
Q

When do Metabolic responses occur?

A

Fat oxidation is 3.5× higher after event.

Consistent with exercise at <60% VO2 max.

50% reduction in muscle glycogen stores

46
Q

Potential for hyponatremia affects what % of athletes?

A

Only affects 4% athletes

47
Q

How does an athlete continue their goal to improve performance?

A

Potential to treat elite athletes like machines.

Collection of parts evaluated by specialists.

Implementation of research to improve performance.

May be exposing athletes to risk.

In research or in implementation of techniques.

Institutional review boards.

Minimize risk to subjects being studied.

KIN 269 (4 decks)

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