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KIN 269 > ACID BASE BALANCE > Flashcards

ACID BASE BALANCE Flashcards

1
Q

What is acid?

A

Molecule that can liberate hydrogen ions (H+).

Acids increase the H+ concentration in a solution.

Lactic acid is a strong acid.

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2
Q

What is a base

A

Molecule capable of combining with H+.

Decreases H+ concentration a solution (increases pH).

Bicarbonate (HCO3−) is a strong base.

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3
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

The concentration of H+ in a solution is expressed in pH units on a 0 to 14 scale.

pH of solutions below 7 are acidic whereas the pH of solutions >7 are basic.

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4
Q

pH expressed as the negative logarithm of H+ concentration.

What is the math equation?

A

pH = −log10[H+].

Since the pH scale is logarithmic, a change in 1 pH unit corresponds to a ten-fold change in [H+].

pH of pure water.

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5
Q

What is Metabolic acidosis?

A

Gain in the amount of acid in the body.

High intensity exercise (above lactate threshold) lasting >30 seconds.

Long-term starvation.

-Results in increased fat metabolism and elevated production of ketoacids.

Uncontrolled diabetes.

-Results in high rates of fat metabolism and diabetic ketoacidosis.

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6
Q

What is Metabolic alkalosis?

A

Loss of acids from the body.

Severe vomiting.

Kidney disease.

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7
Q

Sources of H+ during Exercise?

A

Production of carbon dioxide.

Production of lactic acid.

ATP breakdown during muscle contraction.

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8
Q

What does Production of carbon dioxide result in?

A

End product of oxidative phosphorylation.

CO2 + H2O ↔ H+ + HCO3−.

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9
Q

What does Production of lactic acid result in?

A

Glucose metabolism via glycolysis.

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10
Q

What dies ATP breakdown during muscle contraction result in?

A

Results in release of H+.

ATP + H2O ↔ ADP + HPO4− + H+.

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11
Q

High-intensity exercise lasting ≥45 seconds produces?

A

large amounts of H+.

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12
Q

In some sports, risk of acid-base disturbance is directly linked to effort of the competitor. What are the risks?

A

Playing at 100% effort increases risk of acidosis.

Sprint to finish in distance event increases risk of acidosis.

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13
Q

Why can acidosis impair exercise performance?

A

Contributes to muscle fatigue.

Increasing blood buffering capacity may improve performance in some events.

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14
Q

High intensity exercise results in production of?

A

lactic acid and increased [H+] in muscle fibers and blood.

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15
Q

How can Increased [H+] can impair performance?

A

Inhibits glycolytic and TCA enzyme activity (that is, ATP production).

[H+] can impairs muscle contraction by competing with Ca+2 for binding sites on troponin.

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16
Q

What are the Acid-Base Buffer Systems?

A

Intracellular buffers.

Extracellular buffers.

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17
Q

How is Acid-base balance maintained by buffers?

A

Release H+ ions when pH is high.

Accept H+ ions when pH is low.

18
Q

What are Intracellular buffers?

A

Proteins.

Phosphate groups.

Bicarbonate.

19
Q

What are Extracellular buffers?

A

Bicarbonate.

Hemoglobin.

Blood proteins.

20
Q

Bicarbonate buffering system equation (Henderson-Hasselbalch equation)?

A

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3−

21
Q

Why use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

A

Used to calculate the pH of a solution when known amounts of acids and conjugate bases are present.

pH = pKa + log10(HCO3−/H2CO3).

22
Q

Compared to slow type 1 muscle fibers, fast (type 2) muscle fibers have a?

A

higher buffering capacity

22
Q

Compared to slow type 1 muscle fibers, fast (type 2) muscle fibers have a?

A

higher buffering capacity

23
Q

High intensity exercise training improves muscle buffering capacity due to?

A

increases in carnosine and hydrogen ion transporters in the trained muscle fibers.

24
Q

T or F: Diets low in acids can increase plasma pH but do not improve performance during very heavy or severe exercise.

A

True

25
Q

Some sports regulatory agencies have banned the use of?

A

sodium buffers during competition.

26
Q

What is the importance of Supplementation with sodium bicarbonate?

A

Important extracellular buffer.

Can increase time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise (80 to 120% VO2 max).

Associated with nausea and vomiting.

Large doses can promote alkalosis.

27
Q

What is the importance of sodium citrate?

A

Improves extracellular buffering capacity and can improve performance during high-intensity exercise (events lasting 120 to 240 seconds).

Large doses can cause alkalosis and promote nausea/vomiting.

28
Q

What is the importance of beta-alanine?

A

Precursor to carnosine synthesis.

Carnosine serves as an intracellular buffer and can increase time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise (events lasting 1 to 4 minutes).

Only known side effect is paraesthesia (tingling of skin).

29
Q

What is the Carbonic acid dissociation equation?

A

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3−.

30
Q

What is the Carbonic acid dissociation equation?

A

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3−.

31
Q

When pH decreases. what increases?

A

[H+] increases.

Reaction moves to the left.

CO2 is “removed” by the lungs, eliminating H+ and increasing pH.

32
Q

Kidneys are important in?

A

long-term acid-base balance.

Kidneys do not play a key role in acid-base balance during exercise.

33
Q

Kidneys contribute to acid-base balance (at rest) by?

A

regulating bicarbonate concentration in blood.

When blood pH decreases, bicarbonate excretion is reduced.

When blood pH increases, bicarbonate excretion is increased.

34
Q

H+ production depends on?

A

Exercise intensity.

Amount of muscle mass involved.

Duration of exercise.

35
Q

What is blood pH?

A

Declines with increasing intensity of exercise.

36
Q

What is blood pH?

A

Declines with increasing intensity of exercise.

37
Q

What is Muscle pH?

A

Declines with increasing intensity of exercise: muscle pH is lower than blood pH.

Muscle is site of H+ production and has lower buffering capacity.

38
Q

Buffering of H+ in the muscle is caused by (%)?

A

60% by intracellular proteins.

20 to 30% by muscle bicarbonate.

10 to 20% by intracellular phosphate groups.

39
Q

What does Buffering of lactic acid in the blood do?

A

Bicarbonate is major buffer.

Increases in lactic acid accompanied by decreases in bicarbonate and blood pH.

Hemoglobin and blood proteins play minor role.

40
Q

What is the First line of defense

A

Intracellular buffers.

41
Q

What does Buffering of lactic acid in the blood do? (In terms of defense)

A

Blood buffers.

Respiratory compensation for exercise-induced metabolic acidosis.

KIN 269 (4 decks)

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