factors affecting obedience and dissent (pack 1 obedience)

Question 1

what are the three factors affecting obedience?

Answer 1

1. individual differences
2. situational variables
3. culture

Question 2

what are the two sub topics within individual differences?

Answer 2

personality
gender

Question 3

what are the three aspects of personality?

Answer 3

i. locus of control
ii. authoritarianism
iii. empathy

Question 4

who developed locus of control?

Answer 4

Rotter

Question 5

what does locus of control refer to?

Answer 5

the extent that people are in control of their own situation and lives

Question 6

what do people with external locus of control believe?

Answer 6

that behaviour is largely beyond their control

Question 7

what do people with internal locus of control believe?

Answer 7

that they are responsible for their own actions

Question 8

what is authoritarianism?

Answer 8

a personality trait characterised by hostility to people of a different race, social group, age, sexuality or other minority

Question 9

how do those with authoritarianism treat other people?

Answer 9

submissive to authority
harsh to those seen as subordinate to themselves

Question 10

who created the F-scale to measure authoritarianism?

Answer 10

Theodor Adorno

Question 11

what did MILGRAM AND ELMS find that supported authoritarianism?

Answer 11

compared F-scale scores for 20 obedient and 20 defiant ppt. Obedient ppts had a higher F-scale

Question 12

what did DAMBRUN AND VALENTINE fins that supported authoritarianism?

Answer 12

conducted a simulation of Milgram’s experiment using a virtual environment. Found high authoritarianism scores meant more likely to be obedient

Question 13

what did BURGER find in relation to empathy influencing obedience

Answer 13

although people who score high on empathy were more likely to protest against giving electric shocks, this did not translate to lower levels of obedience

Question 14

How may some people suggest gender influences obedience

Answer 14

lower as women are more empathetic
higher as they may be more obedient as they stereotypically are more likely to comply

Question 15

What did Milgram find in a variation of a study to do with gender

Answer 15

with 40 female teachers- virtually identical to male ppts but reported anxiety much higher than men, this was also found in Burger’s studies

Question 16

What did Blass find out to do with gender?

Answer 16

obedience between genders was consistent across 9/10 studies

Question 17

what did Kilham and Mann find that opposed Milgram and Mann?

Answer 17

women far less obedient than men but his may be because male teacher paired with male learner and female teacher with female learner
solidarity

Question 18

what re the four situational variables that may affect obedience and what do they mean?

Answer 18

1. Momentum of compliance- start of with small and trivial requests that do not cause anxiety, then ppt feel duty bound to complete experiment

2.Proximity- the closer the authority figure the higher the obedience but the closer the victim the lower obedience

3.status of authority figure- obedience stronger when when authority figure seen as legitimate

4. personal responsibility- obedience strongest when ppt felt experimenter was responsible for harming the learner

Question 19

how can culture be divided to explain obedience

Answer 19

1. individualistic
2. collectivist

Question 20

what is an individualistic culture?

Answer 20

tend to behave more independently, resisting conformity and compliance
emphasis on individualism
Britain and America

Question 21

what is a collectivist culture?

Answer 21

stress the importance of the whole group as a collective based upon interdependence
China and Israel

Question 22

How was Milgram’s research initially set up to do with culture?

Answer 22

To see if there was something unique about German culture that made people more obedient- concentration camps

Question 23

What did Ancona and Pareyson find to do with culture?

Answer 23

conducted a replication of Milgram’s study in Italy which gave a higher obedience rate of 80%

Question 24

What did Salter find to do with culture and obedience

Answer 24

virtual reality replication of Milgram’s study where shocks were given to a computer-generated avatar and got similar results
suggesting obedience similar in different cultures (UK v US)

Question 25

What did Blass conclude after doing a study on all countries obedience compared to USA

Answer 25

us- 60.94%
elsewhere- 65.94%

similarity across cultures suggests that people tend to obey authority and is “one of the most universals of social behaviour”

Question 26

How may the issue and debate of developmental psychology link with gender and culture within obedience?

Answer 26

may predict that women would be more compliant because according to gender role schemas they are quiet and compliant.
also that we are shaped by the culture we are in

Question 27

How may the issue and debate of how has psychological knowledge developed over time relate to obedience?

Answer 27

Milgram
Burger’s replication
ethical considerations changed- volt mark