Factor that affect reproduction Flashcards
Reproductive failure affected by
ENVIRONMENT
Transfer or animals from temperate to tropical climates can cause death of embryo, abortion, prenatal mortality, neonatal mortality of the stressed dam
Reproductive failure affected by
HORMONE
Hormonal imbalance can cause abortion, death of fetus and abnormal estrus
Reproductive failure affected by
GENETIC
Existence of lethal or semi-lethal genes can cause congenital deformities, death of embryo, abortion, neonatal and perinatal mortality. Some genes in fetus can produce deformend organs or cause dystocia
Reproductive failure affected by
NUTRITION
Rations low in energy, protein, salt, vitamins can affect function of ovary resulting in neonatal mortality and abortion
Reproductive failure affected by
MANAGEMENT
Improper feeding, housing and husbandry methods
Eg: no flushing, not enough milk during lactation, delayed estrus during lactation
Reproductive failure affected by
DISEASES
Infection of reproductive tract by microorganisms. Infection through placenta, cancerous growth in the reproductive tract can cause failure in fertilisation
Reproductive failure affected by
DAM
Malformed reproductive organs and malfunction of the ovary can reduce efficiency following death of ovary and zygote. + mothering ability, + survivability
Reproductive failure affected by
FETUS
Abnormal size of fetus, incidence of multiple birth or position of fetus in uterus can affect reproduction
SIGN: ANOESTRUS
due to imbalance of hormones
long lactation
SIGN: ovulatory failure
no ovulation, but show signs of normal estrus
no pregnancy
SIGN: Fertilisation failure
death of sperm and ovary before fertilization
blockade of reproductive tract
SIGN: Death of embryo
Before implantation, the embryo dies.
Due to heat stress, poor nutrition, hormonal imbalance
Estrus cycle become longer
SIGN: Abortion
Usually at 6-8 weeks pregnant or before parturition
Induced abortion
SIGN: Mummification of fetus
Fetus dies but is not aborted
Resorption takes place and discharged at parturition
SIGN: perinatal and neonatal mortality
Death of newly born
SIGN: Dystocia
Difficult in parturition
Due to large fetus, malformed fetus, wrong placement or overcrowding
SIGN: Pregnancy toxaemia
Metabolic problem
Two weeks before parturition due to hypoglycaemia(not enough energy)
SIGN: Retained placenta
Following parturition due to some infection of villi
SIGN: Prolapse of uterus or vagina
Ligaments at mouth of uterus and in vagina are relaxed due to heavy load, intake or estrogenic feed
Protrude outside
Reproductive failure factors in male
Nutrition: -ve vit A and E
Environment: season & temp affect sperm mortality
Hormone: size, 2nd characteristics, libido
Disease: repr organ disease
Management: mismanagement- wrong ratio, age, selection of sire, isolation, wrong timing for timing
Semen: quality & quantity
Mating behaviour: injury to repr organ, psychic affect by env factor
Infectious disease of female reproductive system
BACTERIAL DISEASE
- VIBRIOSIS: Camphylobacter - cattle & sheep - abortion
- LEPTOSPIROSIS: Leptospira - cattle, swine & horses- abortion , weak fetus
- BRUCELLOSIS: Brucella - cattle, sheep, goats, swine - abortion and premature birth
- MASTITIS: Staphlo & Strepto- all livestock - affect udder
- LISTERIOSIS: Listeria. Intracellular parasites in mammals
Infectious disease of female reproductive system
PROTOZOAN DISEASES
- Trichomoniasis: Trichomonas fetus - causes abortion - pyometra, infertility
- Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasma gondi - sheep, cattle and swine- cause abortion, weak/dead fetus
Infectious disease of female reproductive system
VIRAL DISEASE
BVD VIRUS- bovine viral diarrhea- abortion, fetal abnormalities
Infectious disease of female reproductive system
MIKOSIS
Fungus growth: Aspergillus sp - abortion in cattle
