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BDS 1: Anatomy > Face > Flashcards

Face Flashcards

1
Q

What classification system is used to describe fractures of the midface?

A

Le Fort fracture classification

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2
Q

Le Fort I

A

‘Floating palate’
Horizontal fracture, from maxillary sinus through nasal septum and ridge of upper dental row and continues the same on opposite side.

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3
Q

Le Fort II

A

‘Floating maxilla’
Pyramidal fracture, upper teeth form base of pyramid, nasofrontal suture at its apex.
Passes through lateral wall of maxillary sinus, infraorbital ridge and the nasal bone and continues the same on opposite side.

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4
Q

Le Fort III

A

‘Floating face’
Transverse fracture- craniofacial disjunction.
Passes from zygomatic arch, through orbital wall and nasofrontal suture and continues the same on opposite side.

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5
Q

Briefly outline the cutaneous innervation of the face

A

Derived from 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve:
V1- ophthalmic nerve
V2- maxillary nerve
V3- mandibular nerve

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6
Q

Branches of the ophthalmic nerve

A
  1. Supraorbital nerve
  2. Supratrochlear nerve
  3. Infratrochlear nerve
  4. Lacrimal nerve
  5. External nasal nerve

Acronym: SLIES

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7
Q

Branches of the maxillary nerve

A
  1. Infraorbital nerve
  2. Zygomaticofacial nerve
  3. Zygomaticotemporal nerve
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8
Q

Branches of the mandibular nerve

A
  1. Auriculotemporal nerve
  2. Buccal nerve
  3. Mental nerve
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9
Q

How would V1, V2 and V3 be assessed during a cranial nerve exam?

A

V1- corneal reflex, cotton near eye
V2- pin prick/fine touch
V3- clench teeth (supplies muscles of mastication)

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10
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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11
Q

Describe the course of the facial nerve intracranially and extracranially

A
  • Internally runs through internal acoustic meatus alonside labryinthine artery
  • Emerges through stylomastoid foramen
  • Runs between superficial and deep lobe of parotid gland before dividing into 5 branches
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12
Q

5 branches of the facial nerve

A
  1. Temporal nerve
  2. Zygomatic nerve
  3. Buccal nerve
  4. Marginal mandibular nerve
  5. Cervical nerve
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13
Q

Location of the facial muscles

A

Facial muscle lie in the subcutaneous tissue of the face, scalp and neck

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14
Q

Forehead facial muscles

A
  • Frontalis
  • Corrugator
  • Occipitalis
  • Procerus
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15
Q

Eye facial muscles

A
  • Orbicularis oculi

Divided into 3 parts: orbital, palpebral, lacrimal

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16
Q

Nose facial muscles

A
  • Nasalis

- Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

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17
Q

Cheek facial muscles

A
  • Buccinator
18
Q

Mouth facial muscles

A
  • Orbicularis oris
  • Risorus
  • Zygomaticus major
  • Zygomaticus minor
  • Levator labii superioris
  • Levator anguli oris
  • Depressor anguli oris
19
Q

Chin facial muscles

A
  • Mentalis

- Depressor labii inferioris

20
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication and their innervation?

A
  1. Temporalis
  2. Masseter
  3. Medial pterygoid
  4. Lateral pterygoid

All innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

21
Q

Describe the temporalis muscle

A
  • Fan shaped
  • Elevates the mandible to close the mouth
  • Retracts the mandible
22
Q

Describe the masseter muscle

A
  • Quadrilateral muscle covering most lateral aspect of ramus of mandible
  • Elevates mandible to close the mouth
23
Q

Describe the medial pterygoid

A
  • Rhomboidal

- Elevates the mandible to close the mouth

24
Q

Describe the lateral pterygoid

A
  • Triangular
  • 2 heads, superior and inferior
  • Acts bilaterally to protract mandible (pushes forwards)
  • Unilateral action to move mandible side to side
25
Q

Angle’s classification - Class I

A

Maxillary first molar is slightly posterior to the mandibular first molar.

26
Q

Angle’s classification - Class II

A

Maxillary first molar is anteriorly positioned relative to the mandibular first molar.

27
Q

Angles’s classification - Class III

A

Maxillary first molar is severely posteriorly positioned relative to the mandibular first molar.

28
Q

What process describes the loss of bone following significant tooth loss?

A

Bone resorption/bone atrophy

Alveolar bone of the maxilla and mandible is maintained by the presence of teeth.

29
Q

Describe the main features of the parotid gland

A
  • Largest salivary gland
  • 2 lobes, superficial and deep
  • Yellowish colour
  • Pyramidal shape
  • Contained within tough fibrous capsule
30
Q

Which viral disease affects the parotid gland?

A

Mumps

31
Q

Describe the course of the parotid duct

A
  • Runs over the masseter
  • Pierces the buccinator
  • Enters oral cavity opposite the crown of the maxillary second molar
32
Q

What feature can occasionally be present on the parotid duct?

A

An accessory parotid gland- this is extra parotid tissue on top of the duct

33
Q

What 3 structures pass through the parotid gland?

A
  • Facial nerve
  • Retromandibular vein
  • External carotid artery
34
Q

What is the sensory and autonomic innervation of the parotid gland?

A

Sensory:

  • Auriculotemporal nerve
  • Great auricular nerve

Autonomic (parasympathetic):

  • Presynaptic from lesser petrosal nerve
  • Postsynpatic from auriculotemporal nerve

Synpase at otic ganglion

35
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the face

A

From the 8 branches of the external carotid artery:

Superior thyroid
Ascending lingual
Lingual 
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
36
Q

How does the facial artery being tortuous help its role?

A

Allows for more stretch during facial actions e.g. mastication

37
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the face

A

Maxillary v + superficial temporal v -> retromandibular v

Retromandibular v divides into posterior and anterior
Anterior rm v + facial vein -> common facial vein, drains into internal jugular vein

Posterior rm v + posterior auricular vein -> drain into external jugular vein

38
Q

How is the facial vein linked to the cavernous sinus?

A

Facial vein is connected to the inferior and superior ophthalmic veins which drain into the cavernous sinus.

The deep facial vein can also access the cavernous sinus through the pterygoid plexus.

39
Q

What is the clinical application of the proximity of facial vein to cavernous sinus?

A

Danger Triangle of the Face:

Infections in the triangle can be extremely dangerous, can spread into the cranium via the facial vein or deep facial vein.

40
Q

What term is used to describe the veins connecting the extracranial circulation to the intercranial circulation?

A

Emissary veins:
E.g. the ophthalmic veins.
These veins don’t have valves so can spread infection easily from cranium to face.

41
Q

What is an advantage of emissary veins?

A

They can release pressure in the cranium (to an extent)

BDS 1: Anatomy (17 decks)

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