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FA Active Learning > FA - Pathology > Flashcards

FA - Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • Intrinsic or extrinsically activated ATP-dependent process
  • Results in activation of cytosolic caspases that mediate cellular breakdown
  • No significant inflammation
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2
Q

Histologic features of apoptosis

A

Cell shrinkage, pyknosis, basophilia, membrane blebbing, nuclear fragmentation, formation of apoptotic bodies

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3
Q

Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

Change in proportions of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors lead to increased mitochondrial permeability and cytochrome c release

Occurs when GF is withdrawn from a proliferating cell population or exposure to injurious stimuli

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4
Q

Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A
  1. ) Ligand receptor interactions (Fas ligand binding to Fas)
  2. ) Immune cell (cytotoxic T-cell release of perforin and granzyme B)
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5
Q

Necrosis

A

Enzymatic degradation and protein denaturation of a cell resulting from exogenous injury. Inflammation occurs (cf. apoptosis)

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6
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Heart, liver, kidney

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7
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Brain, bacterial abscess, pleural effusion

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8
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

TB, systemic fungi

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9
Q

Fatty necrosis

A

Peripancreatic fat (saponification via lipase)

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10
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Blood vessels

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11
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

Dry (ischemic coagulative) or wet (with bacterial); common in limbs and in GI tract

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12
Q

Reversible cell injury

A

Decreased ATP synthesis
Cellular swelling (no ATP –>impaired Na+/K+ pump)
Nuclear chromatin clumping
Decreased glycogen
Fatty change
Ribosomal detachment (decreased protein synthesis)

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13
Q

Irreversible cell injury

A 
Nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis
Ca++ influx -->caspase activation
Plasma membrane damage
Lysosomal rupture
Mitochondrial permeability
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14
Q

Susceptible areas of ischemia: brain

A

ACA/MCA/PCA watershed areas

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15
Q

Susceptible areas of ischemia: heart

A

Subendocardium (LV)

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16
Q

Susceptible areas of ischemia: kidney

A

Straight segment of proximal tubule (medulla)

Thick ascending limb (medulla)

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17
Q

Susceptible areas of ischemia: liver

A

Area around central vein (zone III)

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18
Q

Susceptible areas of ischemia: colon

A

Splenic flexure, rectum

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19
Q

Hemorrhagic infarcts

A

Loose tissues with collaterals: liver, lungs, intestine, or following reperfusion

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20
Q

Pale infarcts

A

Solid tissues with single blodod supply: heart, kidney, spleen

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21
Q

Hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock

A

Low-output failure
Increased TPR
Low cardiac output
Cold, clammy patient (vasoconstriction)

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22
Q

Septic shock

A

High-output failure
Decreased TPR
Dilated arterioles, high venous return
Hot patient (vasodilation)

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23
Q

Inflammation

A

Rubor, dolor, calor, tumor, and functio laesa

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24
Q

Vascular component of inflammation

A

Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, endothelial injury

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25
Q

Cellular component of inflammation

A

Neurtrophils extravaate from circulation to injured tissue to participate in inflammation through phagocytosis, degranulation, and inflammatory mediator release

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26
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody mediated – onset in seconds to minutes and lasts minutes to days

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27
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation

A

Complete resolution, abscess formation, progression to chronic inflammation

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28
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Mononuclear cell mediated, characterized by persistent destruction and repair, blood vessel proliferation and fibrosis

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29
Q

Outcomes of chronic inflammation

A

Scarring and amyloidosis

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30
Q

Granuloma

A

Nodular collections of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells

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31
Q

Leukocyte extravasation: Rolling

A

Vasculature: E-selectin
Leukocyte: Sialyl-Lewis^X

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32
Q

Leukocyte extravasation: Activation

A

Slow rolling and chemokine sampling –>conf. change of integrins to increase binding

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33
Q

Leukocyte extravasation: Tight binding

A

Vasculature: ICAM-1
Leukocyte: LFA-1 (LAD)

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34
Q

Leukocyte extravasation: Diapedesis (exit from BV)

A

Vasculature: PECAM-1
Leukocyte: PECAM-1

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35
Q

Leukocyte extravasation: Chemotactic signals in migration

A

Products released in response to bacteria: C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein

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36
Q

Methods of free radical injury

A

Membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification, DNA breakage

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37
Q

Wound healing: inflammatory (immediate)

A

Platelets, neutrophils (<1 day), macrophages (2-3 days)
Clot formation, increased vessel permeability and neutrophil migration into tissue, macrophages clear debris 2 days later

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38
Q

Wound healing: proliferative (2-3 days later)

A

Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, macrophages (Deposition of granulation tissue and angiogenesis, epithelial cell proliferation and dissolution of clot, and wound contraction

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39
Q

Wound healing: remodeling (1 week after)

A

Fibroblasts

Scar formation; type III collagen replaced by type I collagen –>increased tensile strength of tissue

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40
Q

Granulomatous disease

A 
Mycobacterium
Fungal infections (histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis)
Syphilis
Bartonella henselae
Sarcoidosis
Crohn's disease
Wegener's granulomatosis
Churg-Strauss syndrome
Beryllosis, silicosis
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41
Q

Features of transudate

A

Hypocellular and protein poor
Specific gravity <1.012
Due to increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased Na+ retention

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42
Q

Features of exudate

A

Cellular and protein rich
Specific gravity >1.012
Due to lymphatic obstruction and inflammation

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43
Q

ESR

A

Products of inflammation (e.g. fibrinogen) coat RBCs and cause aggregation –> faster rate of fall in test tube

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44
Q

Conditions with elevated ESR

A

Infections, inflammation (TA, PMR), cancer, pregnancy, SLE

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45
Q

Conditions with decreased ESR

A

Sickle cell, polycythemia, CHF

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46
Q

Iron poisoning

A

Cell death due to peroxidation of membrane lipids
Acute –>gastric bleeding
Chronic –>metabolic acidosis, scarring leading to GI obstruction

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47
Q

Amyloidosis

A

Abnormal aggregation of proteins or their fragments into beta-pleated sheet structures –>cell damage and apoptosis

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48
Q

AL amyloid

A

Multi-system impact due to Ig light chain; assoc. with plasma cell disorder or multiple myeloma

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49
Q

AA amyloid

A

Multi-system impact, assoc. with chronic diseases (e.g. RA, IBD, SpA)

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50
Q

Dialysis related amyloid

A

Fibrils composed of B2-microglobulin, leads to joint problems. Seen in ESRD and long term dialysis.

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51
Q

Heritable amyloid

A

Heterogenous group of disorders (e.g. TTR gene mutation)

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52
Q

Age-related (senile) systemic amyloid

A

Due to deposition of normal (wild-type) TTR in myocardium and other sites; slowly progressive

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53
Q

Examples of organ-specific amyloid

A 
Cardiac atria: ANP
Thyroid gland: calcitonin
Pancreatic islets: amylin
Cerebrum/cerebral BVs: beta-amyloid
Pituitary gland: prolactin
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54
Q

Neoplastic progression: Hyperplasia

A

Cells have increased in number

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55
Q

Neoplastic progression: Dysplasia

A

Abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape, and orientation

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56
Q

Neoplastic progression: Carcinoma in situ

A

Neoplastic cells have not invaded BM
High N/C ratio and clumped chromatin
Neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness

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57
Q

Neoplastic progression: Invasive carcinoma

A

Cells have invaded BM using collagenases and hydrolases

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58
Q

Neoplastic progression: Metastasis

A

Spread to distant organ

Must survive immune attack

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59
Q

Metaplasia

A

One adult cell type is replaced by another, often secondary to irritation and/or environmental exposure

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60
Q

Anaplasia

A

Loss of tissue architecture and differentiation, pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, increased N/C ratio, mitotic figures, giant tumor cells, resemble primitive cells of same tissue origin

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61
Q

Neoplasia

A

Clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive. Benign or malignant

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62
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

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63
Q

Tumor grade

A

Degree of cellular differnation based on histologic appearance

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64
Q

Tumor stage

A

Degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, LN spread, mets (TNM)

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65
Q

Cachexia

A

Weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue that occur in chronic disease. Mediated by TNF-a, IFN-y, IL-6

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66
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Down syndrome

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

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67
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism

A

Skin cancers (melanoma, BCC, SCC)

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68
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, post-surgical gastric remnants

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

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69
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Tuberous sclerosis

A

Giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma

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70
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Actinic keratosis

A

SCC

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71
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Barrett’s esophagus

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

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72
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Plummer-Vinson syndrome

A

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

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73
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Cirrhosis (Hep B, C, alcoholic)

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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74
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Ulcerative colitis

A

Colon adenocarcinoma

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75
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Paget’s disease of bone

A

Osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma

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76
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Immunodeficiency states

A

Malignant lymphoma

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77
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: AIDS

A

Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin’s) and Kaposi’s sarcoma

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78
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Autoimmune diseases

A

Lymphoma

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79
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Acanthosis nigricans

A

Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, uterus)

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80
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Dysplastic nevus

A

Malignant melanoma

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81
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Radiation exposure

A

Leukemia, sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer, breast cancer

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82
Q

Oncogenes: abl

A

Assoc. with CML; makes tyrosine kinase

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83
Q

Oncogenes: c-myc

A

Assoc. with Burkitt’s lymphoma, makes transcription factor

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84
Q

Oncogenes: bcl-2

A

Assoc. with follicular lymphoma and undifferentiated lymphomas, makes anti-apoptotic factor

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85
Q

Oncogenes: HER2/neu2 (c-erbB2)

A

Assoc. with breast, ovarian, gastric carcinomas, makes tyrosine kinase

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86
Q

Oncogenes: ras

A

Assoc with colon carcinomas, makes constitutively active GTPase

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87
Q

Oncogenes: L-myc

A

Assoc. with lung tumor, makes transcription factor

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88
Q

Oncogenes: N-myc

A

Assoc. with neuroblastoma, makes transcription factor

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89
Q

Oncogenes: ret

A

Assoc. with MEN2a, MEN2b, makes transcription factor

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90
Q

Oncogenes: c-kit

A

Assoc. with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), makes cytokine receptor

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91
Q

Oncogenes: BRAF

A

Assoc. with melanoma, makes B-raf

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92
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: Rb

A

Assoc. with retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma; inhibits E2F, blocks G1–>S phase

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93
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: p53

A

Assoc. with most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome; transcription factor for p21, blocks G1–>S phase

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94
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: BRCA1/2

A

Assoc. with breast and ovarian cancer, makes DNA repair protein

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95
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: p16

A

Assoc. with melanoma

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96
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: APC

A

Assoc. with colorectal cancer (FAP), maintains low levels of beta-catenin which promotes intracellular adhesion

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97
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: WT1

A

Assoc. with Wilms’ Tumor (nephroblastoma)

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98
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: NF1

A

Assoc. with Neurofibromatosis I, makes RAS-GTPase

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99
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: NF2

A

Assoc. with Neurofibromatosis II, makes Merlin protein

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100
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: DPC4

A

Assoc. with pancreatic cancer (Deleted in pancreatic cancer)

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101
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: DCC

A

Assoc. with colon cancer (Deleted in colon cancer)

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102
Q

Tumor marker: PSA

A

Prostate specific antigen; used to follow prostate carcinoma but can be elevated in BPH and prostatitis

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103
Q

Tumor marker: CEA

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen; nonspecific but produced in most CRC and pancreatic cancer

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104
Q

Tumor marker: AFP

A

Alpha-fetoprotein; hepatocellular carcinoma and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors

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105
Q

Tumor marker: beta-hCG

A

Hydatiform moles, choriocarcinoma

106
Q

Tumor marker: CA-125

A

Ovarian cancer

107
Q

Tumor marker: S-100

A

Melanoma, neural tumors, schwannomas

108
Q

Tumor markers: Alkaline phosphatase

A

Metastases to bone, liver, Paget’s disease of bone

109
Q

Tumor markers: bombesin

A

Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer

110
Q

Tumor markers: TRAP

A

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; Hairy cell leukemia

111
Q

Tumor markers: CA-19-9

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

112
Q

Tumor markers: Calcitonin

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

113
Q

Oncogenic microbes: HTLV-1

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

114
Q

Oncogenic microbes: HBV, HCV

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

115
Q

Oncogenic microbes: EBV

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CNS lymphoma (in immunocompromised patients)

116
Q

Oncogenic microbes: HPV

A

Cervical carcinoma (HPV 16, 18), penile/anal carcinoma, upper respiratory SCC

117
Q

Oncogenic microbes: HHV-8

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma, body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma

118
Q

Oncogenic microbes: H. pylori

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

119
Q

Oncogenic microbes: Schistosoma haematobium

A

Bladder cancer (squamous cell)

120
Q

Oncogenic microbes: Liver fluke (C. sinensis)

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

121
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Aflatoxin (aspergillus)

A

Targets liver –>HCC

122
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Vinyl chloride

A

Targets liver –>Angiosarcoma

123
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Carbon tetrachloride

A

Targets liver –>Centrilobular necrosis, fatty change

124
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Nitrosamines (smoked foods)

A

Targets stomach –>gastric cancer

125
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Cigarrette smoke

A

Targets larynx (squamous cell), lung (squamous cell, small cell), kidney (RCC), bladder (transitional cell), and pancreas (pancreatic adenocarcinoma)

126
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Asbestos

A

Targets lung –>mesothelioma

127
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Arsenic

A

Targets skin (SCC), liver (angiosarcoma)

128
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Naphthalene (dye)

A

Targets bladder (transitional cell)

129
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Alkylating agents

A

Targets blood –>leukemia

130
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes: ACTH or ACTH-like peptide

A

Cushing’s syndrome, assoc. with SCLC

131
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes: ADH

A

SIADH, assoc. with SCLC and intracranial neoplasms

132
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes: PTHrP

A

Hypercalcemia, assoc. with squamous cell lung cancer, RCC, breast cancer

133
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes: 1,25-(OH)2 D3

A

Hypercalcemia, assoc. with Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some NHL

134
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes: Erythropoietin

A

Polycythemia, assoc. with RCC, hemangioblastoma, HCC, pheo

135
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes: LEMS

A

Muscle weakness, assoc. with SCLC

136
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

Laminated, concentric, calcific spindles seen in
Thyroid papillary adenocarcinoma
Ovarian serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma

137
Q

Common site of mets: brain

A

Lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

138
Q

Common site of mets: liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

139
Q

Common site of mets: bone

A

Prostate (blastic), breast (blastic and lytic) > lung (lytic) > thyroid, testes

140
Q

Susceptible areas of ischemia: colon

A

Splenic flexure, rectum

141
Q

Hemorrhagic infarcts

A

Loose tissues with collaterals: liver, lungs, intestine, or following reperfusion

142
Q

Pale infarcts

A

Solid tissues with single blodod supply: heart, kidney, spleen

143
Q

Hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock

A

Low-output failure
Increased TPR
Low cardiac output
Cold, clammy patient (vasoconstriction)

144
Q

Septic shock

A

High-output failure
Decreased TPR
Dilated arterioles, high venous return
Hot patient (vasodilation)

145
Q

Inflammation

A

Rubor, dolor, calor, tumor, and functio laesa

146
Q

Vascular component of inflammation

A

Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, endothelial injury

147
Q

Cellular component of inflammation

A

Neurtrophils extravaate from circulation to injured tissue to participate in inflammation through phagocytosis, degranulation, and inflammatory mediator release

148
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, and antibody mediated – onset in seconds to minutes and lasts minutes to days

149
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation

A

Complete resolution, abscess formation, progression to chronic inflammation

150
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Mononuclear cell mediated, characterized by persistent destruction and repair, blood vessel proliferation and fibrosis

151
Q

Outcomes of chronic inflammation

A

Scarring and amyloidosis

152
Q

Granuloma

A

Nodular collections of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells

153
Q

Leukocyte extravasation: Rolling

A

Vasculature: E-selectin
Leukocyte: Sialyl-Lewis^X

154
Q

Leukocyte extravasation: Activation

A

Slow rolling and chemokine sampling –>conf. change of integrins to increase binding

155
Q

Leukocyte extravasation: Tight binding

A

Vasculature: ICAM-1
Leukocyte: LFA-1 (LAD)

156
Q

Leukocyte extravasation: Diapedesis (exit from BV)

A

Vasculature: PECAM-1
Leukocyte: PECAM-1

157
Q

Leukocyte extravasation: Chemotactic signals in migration

A

Products released in response to bacteria: C5a, IL-8, LTB4, Kallikrein

158
Q

Methods of free radical injury

A

Membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification, DNA breakage

159
Q

Wound healing: inflammatory (immediate)

A

Platelets, neutrophils (<1 day), macrophages (2-3 days)
Clot formation, increased vessel permeability and neutrophil migration into tissue, macrophages clear debris 2 days later

160
Q

Wound healing: proliferative (2-3 days later)

A

Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, macrophages (Deposition of granulation tissue and angiogenesis, epithelial cell proliferation and dissolution of clot, and wound contraction

161
Q

Wound healing: remodeling (1 week after)

A

Fibroblasts

Scar formation; type III collagen replaced by type I collagen –>increased tensile strength of tissue

162
Q

Granulomatous disease

A 
Mycobacterium
Fungal infections (histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis)
Syphilis
Bartonella henselae
Sarcoidosis
Crohn's disease
Wegener's granulomatosis
Churg-Strauss syndrome
Beryllosis, silicosis
163
Q

Features of transudate

A

Hypocellular and protein poor
Specific gravity <1.012
Due to increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased Na+ retention

164
Q

Features of exudate

A

Cellular and protein rich
Specific gravity >1.012
Due to lymphatic obstruction and inflammation

165
Q

ESR

A

Products of inflammation (e.g. fibrinogen) coat RBCs and cause aggregation –> faster rate of fall in test tube

166
Q

Conditions with elevated ESR

A

Infections, inflammation (TA, PMR), cancer, pregnancy, SLE

167
Q

Conditions with decreased ESR

A

Sickle cell, polycythemia, CHF

168
Q

Iron poisoning

A

Cell death due to peroxidation of membrane lipids
Acute –>gastric bleeding
Chronic –>metabolic acidosis, scarring leading to GI obstruction

169
Q

Amyloidosis

A

Abnormal aggregation of proteins or their fragments into beta-pleated sheet structures –>cell damage and apoptosis

170
Q

AL amyloid

A

Multi-system impact due to Ig light chain; assoc. with plasma cell disorder or multiple myeloma

171
Q

AA amyloid

A

Multi-system impact, assoc. with chronic diseases (e.g. RA, IBD, SpA)

172
Q

Dialysis related amyloid

A

Fibrils composed of B2-microglobulin, leads to joint problems. Seen in ESRD and long term dialysis.

173
Q

Heritable amyloid

A

Heterogenous group of disorders (e.g. TTR gene mutation)

174
Q

Age-related (senile) systemic amyloid

A

Due to deposition of normal (wild-type) TTR in myocardium and other sites; slowly progressive

175
Q

Examples of organ-specific amyloid

A 
Cardiac atria: ANP
Thyroid gland: calcitonin
Pancreatic islets: amylin
Cerebrum/cerebral BVs: beta-amyloid
Pituitary gland: prolactin
176
Q

Neoplastic progression: Hyperplasia

A

Cells have increased in number

177
Q

Neoplastic progression: Dysplasia

A

Abnormal proliferation of cells with loss of size, shape, and orientation

178
Q

Neoplastic progression: Carcinoma in situ

A

Neoplastic cells have not invaded BM
High N/C ratio and clumped chromatin
Neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness

179
Q

Neoplastic progression: Invasive carcinoma

A

Cells have invaded BM using collagenases and hydrolases

180
Q

Neoplastic progression: Metastasis

A

Spread to distant organ

Must survive immune attack

181
Q

Metaplasia

A

One adult cell type is replaced by another, often secondary to irritation and/or environmental exposure

182
Q

Anaplasia

A

Loss of tissue architecture and differentiation, pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, increased N/C ratio, mitotic figures, giant tumor cells, resemble primitive cells of same tissue origin

183
Q

Neoplasia

A

Clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive. Benign or malignant

184
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

185
Q

Tumor grade

A

Degree of cellular differnation based on histologic appearance

186
Q

Tumor stage

A

Degree of localization/spread based on site and size of primary lesion, LN spread, mets (TNM)

187
Q

Cachexia

A

Weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue that occur in chronic disease. Mediated by TNF-a, IFN-y, IL-6

188
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Down syndrome

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

189
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism

A

Skin cancers (melanoma, BCC, SCC)

190
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, post-surgical gastric remnants

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

191
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Tuberous sclerosis

A

Giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma

192
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Actinic keratosis

A

SCC

193
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Barrett’s esophagus

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

194
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Plummer-Vinson syndrome

A

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

195
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Cirrhosis (Hep B, C, alcoholic)

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

196
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Ulcerative colitis

A

Colon adenocarcinoma

197
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Paget’s disease of bone

A

Osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma

198
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Immunodeficiency states

A

Malignant lymphoma

199
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: AIDS

A

Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin’s) and Kaposi’s sarcoma

200
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Autoimmune diseases

A

Lymphoma

201
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Acanthosis nigricans

A

Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, uterus)

202
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Dysplastic nevus

A

Malignant melanoma

203
Q

Disease conditions associated with neoplasms: Radiation exposure

A

Leukemia, sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer, breast cancer

204
Q

Oncogenes: abl

A

Assoc. with CML; makes tyrosine kinase

205
Q

Oncogenes: c-myc

A

Assoc. with Burkitt’s lymphoma, makes transcription factor

206
Q

Oncogenes: bcl-2

A

Assoc. with follicular lymphoma and undifferentiated lymphomas, makes anti-apoptotic factor

207
Q

Oncogenes: HER2/neu2 (c-erbB2)

A

Assoc. with breast, ovarian, gastric carcinomas, makes tyrosine kinase

208
Q

Oncogenes: ras

A

Assoc with colon carcinomas, makes constitutively active GTPase

209
Q

Oncogenes: L-myc

A

Assoc. with lung tumor, makes transcription factor

210
Q

Oncogenes: N-myc

A

Assoc. with neuroblastoma, makes transcription factor

211
Q

Oncogenes: ret

A

Assoc. with MEN2a, MEN2b, makes transcription factor

212
Q

Oncogenes: c-kit

A

Assoc. with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), makes cytokine receptor

213
Q

Oncogenes: BRAF

A

Assoc. with melanoma, makes B-raf

214
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: Rb

A

Assoc. with retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma; inhibits E2F, blocks G1–>S phase

215
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: p53

A

Assoc. with most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome; transcription factor for p21, blocks G1–>S phase

216
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: BRCA1/2

A

Assoc. with breast and ovarian cancer, makes DNA repair protein

217
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: p16

A

Assoc. with melanoma

218
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: APC

A

Assoc. with colorectal cancer (FAP), maintains low levels of beta-catenin which promotes intracellular adhesion

219
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: WT1

A

Assoc. with Wilms’ Tumor (nephroblastoma)

220
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: NF1

A

Assoc. with Neurofibromatosis I, makes RAS-GTPase

221
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: NF2

A

Assoc. with Neurofibromatosis II, makes Merlin protein

222
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: DPC4

A

Assoc. with pancreatic cancer (Deleted in pancreatic cancer)

223
Q

Tumor suppressor gene: DCC

A

Assoc. with colon cancer (Deleted in colon cancer)

224
Q

Tumor marker: PSA

A

Prostate specific antigen; used to follow prostate carcinoma but can be elevated in BPH and prostatitis

225
Q

Tumor marker: CEA

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen; nonspecific but produced in most CRC and pancreatic cancer

226
Q

Tumor marker: AFP

A

Alpha-fetoprotein; hepatocellular carcinoma and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors

227
Q

Tumor marker: beta-hCG

A

Hydatiform moles, choriocarcinoma

228
Q

Tumor marker: CA-125

A

Ovarian cancer

229
Q

Tumor marker: S-100

A

Melanoma, neural tumors, schwannomas

230
Q

Tumor markers: Alkaline phosphatase

A

Metastases to bone, liver, Paget’s disease of bone

231
Q

Tumor markers: bombesin

A

Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer

232
Q

Tumor markers: TRAP

A

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; Hairy cell leukemia

233
Q

Tumor markers: CA-19-9

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

234
Q

Tumor markers: Calcitonin

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

235
Q

Oncogenic microbes: HTLV-1

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

236
Q

Oncogenic microbes: HBV, HCV

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

237
Q

Oncogenic microbes: EBV

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CNS lymphoma (in immunocompromised patients)

238
Q

Oncogenic microbes: HPV

A

Cervical carcinoma (HPV 16, 18), penile/anal carcinoma, upper respiratory SCC

239
Q

Oncogenic microbes: HHV-8

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma, body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma

240
Q

Oncogenic microbes: H. pylori

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

241
Q

Oncogenic microbes: Schistosoma haematobium

A

Bladder cancer (squamous cell)

242
Q

Oncogenic microbes: Liver fluke (C. sinensis)

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

243
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Aflatoxin (aspergillus)

A

Targets liver –>HCC

244
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Vinyl chloride

A

Targets liver –>Angiosarcoma

245
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Carbon tetrachloride

A

Targets liver –>Centrilobular necrosis, fatty change

246
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Nitrosamines (smoked foods)

A

Targets stomach –>gastric cancer

247
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Cigarrette smoke

A

Targets larynx (squamous cell), lung (squamous cell, small cell), kidney (RCC), bladder (transitional cell), and pancreas (pancreatic adenocarcinoma)

248
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Asbestos

A

Targets lung –>mesothelioma

249
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Arsenic

A

Targets skin (SCC), liver (angiosarcoma)

250
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Naphthalene (dye)

A

Targets bladder (transitional cell)

251
Q

Chemical carcinogens: Alkylating agents

A

Targets blood –>leukemia

252
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes: ACTH or ACTH-like peptide

A

Cushing’s syndrome, assoc. with SCLC

253
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes: ADH

A

SIADH, assoc. with SCLC and intracranial neoplasms

254
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes: PTHrP

A

Hypercalcemia, assoc. with squamous cell lung cancer, RCC, breast cancer

255
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes: 1,25-(OH)2 D3

A

Hypercalcemia, assoc. with Hodgkin’s lymphoma, some NHL

256
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes: Erythropoietin

A

Polycythemia, assoc. with RCC, hemangioblastoma, HCC, pheo

257
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes: LEMS

A

Muscle weakness, assoc. with SCLC

258
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

Laminated, concentric, calcific spindles seen in
Thyroid papillary adenocarcinoma
Ovarian serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma

259
Q

Common site of mets: brain

A

Lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

260
Q

Common site of mets: liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

261
Q

Common site of mets: bone

A

Prostate (blastic), breast (blastic and lytic) > lung (lytic) > thyroid, testes

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