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FA Active Learning > Embryology (GI, Neuro, Renal) > Flashcards

Embryology (GI, Neuro, Renal) Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of gut

A

Foregut - pharynx to duodenum
Midgut - duodenum to transverse colon
Hindgut - transverse colon to rectum

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2
Q

Anterior abd. wall defect: rostral fold closure

A

Sternal defects

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3
Q

Anterior abd. wall defect: lateral fold closure

A

Omphalocele (protrusion with peritoneum), gastroschisis (protrusion without peritoneum)

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4
Q

Anterior abd. wall defect: caudal fold closure

A

Bladder exstrophy

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5
Q

Duodenal atresia

A

Failure to recanalize (seen in Trisomy 21)

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6
Q

Jejunal, ileal, colonic atresia

A

Vascular accident in utero –>apple peel atresia (blind ended prox. jejunum with absence of portion of SB and dorsal mesentery; terminal ileum distal to atresia spiraled around ileocolic vessel)

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7
Q

Tracheoesophageal anomalies

A

Esophageal atresia with distal TEF is most common –>drooling, choking, vomiting with first feeding
Air in stomach and cyanosis (laryngospasm)
H type - fistula alone
EA type - gasless abdomen

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8
Q

Congenital pyloric stenosis

A

Hypertrophy of the pylorus (muscularis mucosa) causes obstruction and palpable “olive” mass in epigastric region
Nonbilious projectile vomiting at ~2 weeks

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9
Q

Midgut volvulus

A

Abnormal rotation and fixation of midgut –>intestinal malrotation –>intestinal obstruction, cecum in RUQ fixed by adhesions (Ladd’s bands)

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10
Q

Mesodermal defects: VACTERL

A

Vertebral abnormalities, anal atresia, cardiac abnormalities, TEF, renal abnormalities, limb abnormalities

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11
Q

Pancreas embryology

A

Derived from foregut; ventral pancreatic bud - part of head, uncinate, main pancreatic duct
Dorsal pancreatic bud - rest of head, body, tail, isthmus, accessory pancreatic duct

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12
Q

Annular pancreas

A

Ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum; forms a ring of pancreas that may cause duodenal narrowing

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13
Q

Pancreas divisum

A

Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8 weeks

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14
Q

Spleen

A

Arises in mesentery of stomach but is supplied by foregut

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15
Q

Neural plate formation

A

Notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate

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16
Q

Neural tube and neural crest cells

A

Derived from neural plate

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17
Q

Divisions of neural plate

A 
Alar plate (dorsal): sensory
Basal plate (ventral): motor
18
Q

Three primary vesicles of developing brain

A

Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesoencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

19
Q

Five secondary vesicles of developing brain: Telencephalon

A

Telencephalon –>cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

20
Q

Five secondary vesicles of developing brain: Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and 3rd ventricle

21
Q

Five secondary vesicles of developing brain: Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain and aqueduct

22
Q

Five secondary vesicles of developing brain: Metencephalon

A

Pons and cerebellum, upper part of 4th ventricle

23
Q

Five secondary vesicles of developing brain: Myelencephalon

A

Medulla and lower part of 4th ventricle

24
Q

Neural tube defects

A

Neuropores fail to fuse in 4th week –> persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal. Associated with low folic acid intake during and prior to pregnancy

25
Q

Markers for NTDs

A

Elevated AFP and AChE

26
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Failure of bony canal closure, but no structural herniation and intact dura
Seen at lower vertebral levels and assoc. with tuft of hair or skin dimple at site of defect

27
Q

Meningocele

A

Meninges herniate through spinal canal defect

28
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

Meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal canal defect

29
Q

Anencephaly

A

Malformation of anterior NT resulting in no forebrain, open calvarium
Associations: elevated AFP, polyhydramnios, maternal diabetes (type I)

30
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

Failure of left and right hemispheres to separate, usually occurs during weeks 5-6. Complete multifactorial etiology that may present as cleft lip/palate or cyclopia

31
Q

Arnold Chiari I

A

Low lying cerebellar tonsils extend beyond foramen magnum; asymptomatic in infant, associated with adult headaches and ataxia

32
Q

Arnold Chiari II

A

Significant cerebellar and vermian herniation through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus. Thoracolumbar myelomeningocele and paralysis below defect.

33
Q

Dandy-Walker

A

Agenesis of cerebellar vemis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle. Associated with hydrocephalus and spina bifida.

34
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Cystic enlargement of central canal of SC –> anterior white commissure damage
Capelike bilateral loss of pain/temp sensation in upper extremities (usu. at C8-T1). Associated with Arnold Chiari I.

35
Q

Tongue development

A

1st branchial arch forms anterior 2/3rds – sense via V3, taste via CN VII
3rd branchial arch forms posterior 1/3 – sense and taste via CN IX, X
Motor innervation via CN XII
Muscules are derived from occipital myotomes

36
Q

Kidney embryology

A

Pronephros - develops until week 4 then degenerates
Mesonephros - 1st trimester kidney, then contributes to male genital system
Metanephros - permanent; appears in 5th week

37
Q

Ureteric bud

A

Derived from caudal end of mesonephros; gives rise to ureter, pelvises, calyces, collecting ducts

38
Q

Metanephric mesenchyme

A

Ureteric bud interacts with this tissue; interaction induces differentiation and formation of glomerulus –>DCT
Aberrant interactions may result in congenital kidney malformations

39
Q

Ureteropelvic junction

A

Last area to canalize –>most common site of obstruction (hydronephrosis) in fetus

40
Q

Potter’s syndrome

A

Compression of fetus –>limb deformities, facial deformities, pulmonary hypoplasia
May be due to ARPKD, posterior urethral valves, bilateral renal agenesis

41
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Inferior poles of both kidneys fuse and get trapped under IMA during ascent. Associated with Turner syndrome.

42
Q

Multicystic dysplastic kidney

A

Due to abnormal interaction between ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme.
Nonfunctioning kidney made of cysts and connective tissue
Unilateral –>compensatory hypertrophy of contralateral kidney

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