FA Behavioral Science

Question 1

cross sectional study

Answer 1

What is happening?
measure disease prevelance, show risk factor association.
doesn’t show cause

Question 2

case control study

Answer 2

What happened? (compare disease group to nondisease group)

measures odds ratio, look for prior exposure to risk factor

Question 3

cohort study

Answer 3

Who will/has developed disease?

measures relative risk

Question 4

twin concordance study

Answer 4

measures heritability and influence of environment factors

Question 5

adoption study

Answer 5

measures heritability and influence of environment factors

Question 6

improve clinical trial quality

Answer 6

radomized
controlled
double-blinded

Question 7

sensitivity

Answer 7

true + rate, low false - rate.

test detect disease when present

Question 8

specificity

Answer 8

true - rate, low false + rate.

test detects nondisease when disease absent

Question 9

positive predictive value

Answer 9

proportion of + results that are true +.

true +/total +

Question 10

negative predictive value

Answer 10

proportion of - results that are true -.

true -/total -

Question 11

incidence

Answer 11

all new cases

Question 12

prevalence

Answer 12

all current cases

Question 13

odds ratio

Answer 13

odds of exposure to risk factor for disease group and nondisease group.
case control study

Question 14

relative risk

Answer 14

risk of developing disease for exposed and nonexposed group.
cohort study
~odds ratio with low prevalence

Question 15

precision

Answer 15

reproducibility, reliability
increase precision = reduced SD
low variability

Question 16

accuracy

Answer 16

test validity

absence of systematic error or bias

Question 17

mean

Answer 17

average

Question 18

median

Answer 18

middle value in data set

Question 19

mode

Answer 19

most common value

Question 20

standard deviation

Answer 20

variability of data from mean

Question 21

standard error of mean

Answer 21

estimation of variability from sample mean to population mean

Question 22

positive skew

Answer 22

longer tail on right

mean>median>mode

Question 23

negative skew

Answer 23

longer tail on left

mean<mode

Question 24

alpha error

Answer 24

Type I
stating a difference when none exists.
false rejection of null hypothesis.
false positive error

Question 25

beta error

Answer 25

Type II
stating no difference when difference exists.
false acceptance of null hypothesis.
false negative error

Question 26

APGAR

Answer 26

appearance
pulse
grimace
activity
respiration

Question 27

low birth weight

Answer 27

<2500g, premature/growth retardation

increase risk of SIDS, overall mortality

Question 28

selection bias

Answer 28

nonrandom assignment of study groups

Question 29

recall bias

Answer 29

participants have awareness of disorder that alters recall

Question 30

measurement bias

Answer 30

information gathered in a way that distorts it

Question 31

procedure bias

Answer 31

different test groups not treated the same

Question 32

observer-expectancy bias

Answer 32

researcher’s belief of treatment alters outcome

Question 33

confounding bias

Answer 33

factor related to both exposure and outcome, but not causal pathway

Question 34

lead-time bias

Answer 34

early detection is confused with increased survival. early detection doesn’t change natural history of disease.

Question 35

clinical trial

Answer 35

compare benefits of multiple tx options and placebo.

Question 36

advance directives

Answer 36

pt instructions in anticipation of medical needs

Question 37

oral advance directives

Answer 37

incapacitated pt’s prior statements used as tx guide

Question 38

living will

Answer 38

written advance directives

Question 39

medical power of attorney

Answer 39

designates agent to make medical decisions

Question 40

surrogate decision maker

Answer 40

priority for providing tx directives: spouse, adult children, parents, siblings, other relatives