FA Behavioral Science Flashcards
cross sectional study
What is happening?
measure disease prevelance, show risk factor association.
doesn’t show cause
case control study
What happened? (compare disease group to nondisease group)
measures odds ratio, look for prior exposure to risk factor
cohort study
Who will/has developed disease?
measures relative risk
twin concordance study
measures heritability and influence of environment factors
adoption study
measures heritability and influence of environment factors
improve clinical trial quality
radomized
controlled
double-blinded
sensitivity
true + rate, low false - rate.
test detect disease when present
specificity
true - rate, low false + rate.
test detects nondisease when disease absent
positive predictive value
proportion of + results that are true +.
true +/total +
negative predictive value
proportion of - results that are true -.
true -/total -
incidence
all new cases
prevalence
all current cases
odds ratio
odds of exposure to risk factor for disease group and nondisease group.
case control study
relative risk
risk of developing disease for exposed and nonexposed group.
cohort study
~odds ratio with low prevalence
precision
reproducibility, reliability
increase precision = reduced SD
low variability
accuracy
test validity
absence of systematic error or bias
mean
average
median
middle value in data set
mode
most common value
standard deviation
variability of data from mean
standard error of mean
estimation of variability from sample mean to population mean
positive skew
longer tail on right
mean>median>mode
negative skew
longer tail on left
mean<mode
alpha error
Type I
stating a difference when none exists.
false rejection of null hypothesis.
false positive error
beta error
Type II
stating no difference when difference exists.
false acceptance of null hypothesis.
false negative error
APGAR
appearance pulse grimace activity respiration
low birth weight
<2500g, premature/growth retardation
increase risk of SIDS, overall mortality
selection bias
nonrandom assignment of study groups
recall bias
participants have awareness of disorder that alters recall
measurement bias
information gathered in a way that distorts it
procedure bias
different test groups not treated the same
observer-expectancy bias
researcher’s belief of treatment alters outcome
confounding bias
factor related to both exposure and outcome, but not causal pathway
lead-time bias
early detection is confused with increased survival. early detection doesn’t change natural history of disease.
clinical trial
compare benefits of multiple tx options and placebo.
advance directives
pt instructions in anticipation of medical needs
oral advance directives
incapacitated pt’s prior statements used as tx guide
living will
written advance directives
medical power of attorney
designates agent to make medical decisions
surrogate decision maker
priority for providing tx directives: spouse, adult children, parents, siblings, other relatives
