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USMLE > FA > Flashcards

FA Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

which organs have insulin independent uptake of glucose?

A

this is going to be your GLUT 1 and GLUT 2;

Thus, Brain, RBC, intestines, Cornea, and Kidneys, Liver, and beta pancreatic cells

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2
Q

How is insulin synthesized?

A

pre insulin in ER is packaged in to Proinsulin granules. Cleaved within granules and all content are released (insulin and C peptide)

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3
Q

what is the process that triggers insulin release?

A

Glucose comes in through GLUT 2–> generation of ATP–>out flowing K channels are closed–>cell depolarizes–>inflow of calcium channels through voltage gated channels–> exocytosis of granules

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4
Q

which GLUT should you think of as strictly regulated by Insulin’s presence?

A

GLUT 4–> muscle/ fat

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5
Q

TORCHES

A

vertical trasmission bugs

Toxoplasma, Other (Parvovirus, varicella), Rubella, CMV, Herpes, Syphilis

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6
Q

Blue berry muffin rash can be seen in which 2 congenital infections?

A

Rubella, CMV

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7
Q

Paraventricular calcifications in infant

A

CMV infection

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8
Q

CD4 <50 disposed to what infections?

A

MAC, CMV

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9
Q

cryptosporidium causes what?

A

diarrhea

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10
Q

what are the acid fast organisms

A

TB, leprosy, nocardia, cryptosporidium

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11
Q

Leishmaniasis treatment

A

Stibogluconate; amphotericin B

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12
Q

swiss cheese on head CT/MRI

A

neurocysticercosis due to taenia

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13
Q

egg shell calcification in liver

A

hydatid cyst due to echinococcus granulosus

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14
Q

which antibiotic has vitamin K def

A

cephalosporin

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15
Q

Cephalosporin treats what?

A

Proteus, e. coli, Kebsiella

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16
Q

first gen. Cephalosporin treats what?

A

Proteus, e. coli, Kebsiella

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17
Q

which are the first generation of cephalosphorins?

A

CefazoLIN, CefaLEXin

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18
Q

first gen. Cephalosporin treats what?

A

Proteus, e. coli, Kebsiella (PECK)

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19
Q

Second gen cephalosporin treats what?

A 
HEN PECKS
haemophilus
Enterbacter
neisseria
proteus
e. coli
klebsiella
serratia
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20
Q

which are the second gen cephalosporin drugs?

A

2 make her happy–> ceFAClor, CeFOXitin, CeFURoxime

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21
Q

lacy rash sparing face

A

Roseola

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22
Q

Sixth disease. what’s it called? what virus? what are symptoms? treatment?

A

Roseola. HHSV6. fever lasting for 4 days, possible febrile seizure, then lacy rash once fever is gone. Self limiting thus supportive treatment

23
Q

HHSV6 infects what cells?

A

CD4

24
Q

Sixth disease. what’s it called? what virus? what are symptoms? treatment?

A

Roseola. HHV6. fever lasting for 4 days, possible febrile seizure, then lacy rash once fever is gone. Self limiting thus supportive treatment

25
Q

HHV6 infects what cells?

A

CD4

26
Q

HHV8 is what? what does it up regulate?

A

Kaposi sarcoma; VEGF increase

27
Q

violet lesions on hard palate

A

kaposi sarcoma

28
Q

who’s susceptible to kaposi sarcoma?

A

AIDS/immunocompromised, old russian men, and african men

29
Q

Kaposi sarcoma looks like Bacillary Angiomatosis. how do you know the difference?

A

one is a virus and one is a bacteria. Thus lymphocytic infiltrate vs neutrophilic infiltrate

30
Q

what kind of cells do HHV8 infect?

A

B cells

31
Q

CYP Inducers

A 
Griseovulvin
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Barbiturates
Rifampin
st. John's wort
chronic acoholism
32
Q

CYP inhibitors

A 
Ciprofloxacin
Ritonavir
Acute alcohol use
Cimetadine
Ketoconazole
Amiodarone
Macrolides
Isoniazid
Grapefruit juice
Omeprazole
Sulfa
33
Q

anion gap acidosis causes

A 
Methanol
Uremia
DKA
Propylene glycol
Iron/Isoniazid
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Salicylate
34
Q

no anion gap acidosis causes

A 
Hyperalimentation
Addisons
Renal tubular acidosis
Diarrhea
Acetazolamide
Spironolactone
Saline infusion
35
Q

Shifts K out of cell

A

Digitalis, Osmolarity, Lysis, Acidosis, and beta blockers

36
Q

Shifts K into cell

A

Insulin

37
Q

what factors influence diffusion/flux?

A

PA(C-C)

38
Q

Omeprazole inhibits which pump?

A

H/K cotransporter

39
Q

what’s the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport?

A

primary uses ATP and secondary uses other ions to drive transport actions.

40
Q

osmolarity equation?

A

(number of particles)concentration

41
Q

what does a reflection coefficient of 1 mean? what about 0?

A

1=impermeable (albumin); 0=completely permeable (urea)

42
Q

Tetrototoxin blocks what channel?

A

Sodium channels

43
Q

How does each of these affect conduction velocity:
Fiber size?
Myelination?

A

fiber size increase decreases resistance–>thus it will increase velocity.

Myelination insulates the fibers..thus it will increase velocity.

44
Q

Hemicholinium mechanism?

A

inhibits Na/Ach symporter

45
Q

Curare/curonium drugs mechanism?

A

competitive blockage Ach gated sodium channels of NMJs

46
Q

which is the only Gram positive bacteria with LPS?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

47
Q

Cereulide. what is it

A

toxin produced by bacillus ceres emetic type…. produces emesis in 1-5 hours post ingetion

48
Q

IV drug user endocarditis. 2 ddx

A

staph arueus

candida albicans

49
Q

Candida albicans… what does it look like at 20 degrees? 37 degrees?

A

Germ tube at 37; psuedohyphae in 20

50
Q

treatment options for aspergillus?

A

voriconazole, caspofungin, amphotericin B

51
Q

paranasal necrosis

A

aspergillosis in immunocompromised

52
Q

black eschar on face

A

Mucor

53
Q

what organisms invade via cribiform plate?

A

Mucor and Naegleria fowleri

54
Q

Ovoid yeast on methanamine silver stain?

A

Pneumocystis

USMLE (9 decks)

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