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FUN F > F3 The autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

F3 The autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

name the 2 components of the CNS

A

brain
spinal cord

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2
Q

describe simply what the PNS is and its function

A
  • peripheral nervous system
  • neuronal pathways that connect your peripheral organs to the central nervous system
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3
Q

what are the 3 broad divisions of the PNS?

A
  • sensory nerves
  • motor nerves
  • autonomic nerves
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4
Q

describe the division of the PNS: sensory nerves

A
  • involves touch, pain and heat
  • travel TO the spinal cord from the periphery eg. skin
  • AFFERENT fibres
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5
Q

describe the division of the PNS: motor nerves

A
  • involve voluntary control of skeletal muscle
  • travel AWAY from the spinal cord to the muscle
  • SOMATIC EFFERENT system
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6
Q

describe the function of the division of the PNS: autonomic nerves

A

unconscious physiological control of organ systems

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7
Q

what kind of drugs can the CNS be targeted by and what for?

A
  • drugs for CNS disorders
  • pain relief
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8
Q

what kind of drugs can the sensory nerves of the PNS be targeted by and what for?

A
  • pain relief
  • local anaesthetics (eg. at the dentist to have a tooth removed)
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9
Q

how can the sensory nerves of the PNS be targeted by local anaesthetic when having a tooth removed?

A

local anaesthetic numbs and blocks the sensory nerves from taking any pain signals to the spinal cord

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10
Q

what conditions can the motor neurons of the PNS be targeted for?

A
  • muscle weakness (myasthenia gravis - autoimmune disorder)
  • muscle paralysis during operations
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11
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A
  • sympathetic (fight or flight)
  • parasympathetic (rest and digest)
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12
Q

what are the simple functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

A
  • sympathetic: prepares for activity
  • parasympathetic: stimulates visceral processes (those relating to the main internal organs, especially in the abdomen)
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13
Q

what is the enteric nervous system? what is its function?

A
  • local neuronal network coordinating the GI tract with input from PNS and SNS
  • controls the movement and processing of food in the GI tract, controls peristalsis
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14
Q

how many neurons do both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways use?

A

2

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15
Q

describe the first neuron involved in sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways

A
  • preganglionic neuron
  • makes connection (a synapse) with the second neuron in a group of nerve cell bodies known as ganglion
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16
Q

describe the second neuron involved in sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways

A
  • postganglionic neuron
  • innervates (supplies nerves to) the target tissue
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17
Q

describe the aspect of the SNS that releases adrenaline into circulation

A
  • subset of preganglionic SNS fibres synapse with the adrenal medulla
  • this releases adrenaline into the circulation
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18
Q

what is the adrenal gland and where is it located?

A
  • an endocrine gland that produces adrenaline
  • located above the kidneys
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19
Q

how many neurons are involved in the motor system and what do they innervate?

A
  • 1
  • innervates voluntary skeletal muscle
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20
Q

from top to bottom (head to bum), state the 6 sections of the vertebrae

A

medullary
cervical
thoracic
lumber
sacral
coccyx

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21
Q

describe the preganglionic neurons in the SNS

A
  • short
  • cell bodies are in the thoracic and lumber sections of the spinal cord
  • ganglia are located close to the spinal cord due to short preganglionic neurons
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22
Q

where do preganglionic neurons form synapses in the SNS?

A
  • paired paravertebral ganglia (bilateral connections to periphery - eg. blood vessels)
  • unpaired prevertebral ganglia (intestines, pelvic viscera)
  • adrenal medulla
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23
Q

in the SNS which ganglionic neurons are long and short?

A
  • preganglionic are short
  • postganglionic are long
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24
Q

in the parasympathetic NS, which ganglionic neurons are short and long?

A
  • preganglionic are long
  • postganglionic are short
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25
Q

where are parasympathetic ganglia located and why?

A
  • located in or close to the target organs due to long preganglionic neurons
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26
Q

are parasympathetic or sympathetic ganglia located closer to the spinal cord?

A
  • sympathetic are closer due to having short preganglionic neurons
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27
Q

which nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs and upper GI tract?

A
  • right and left vagus nerves
  • (10th cranial nerve, X)
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28
Q

state desired physiological effects for exercise

A
  • increased HR
  • increased force of heart contractility
  • direct blood to skeletal muscles
  • increased oxygen intake (open up lung airways)
  • increase glucose availability for muscles
  • don’t go to the toilet
  • deprioritise rest and digest functions
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29
Q

why are increased HR and force of contractility important during exercise?

A
  • get as much blood into the systemic circulation as possible
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30
Q

why is it important for blood to be directed to skeletal muscle during exercise?

A
  • muscles need lots of blood for oxygen for aerobic respiration
  • carbon dioxide and lactic acid need to be taken away
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31
Q

why is it important for increased oxygen uptake to occur during exercise?

A

more oxygen into the blood and more carbon dioxide out of the body

32
Q

why is it important for increased glucose to be available during exercise?

A

more glucose needs to be produced by breaking down glycogen so it can be used in aerobic respiration

33
Q

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart?

A
  • increased rate
  • increased force of contractility
34
Q

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the arterioles of the GIT, skin and brain?

A

constriction

35
Q

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the arterioles at skeletal muscles?

A

relaxation

36
Q

what is vascular shunt?

A
  • directing blood to working muscles
  • diverts blood away from muscles that don’t need lots of blood at this time
37
Q

what part of the NS controls vascular shunt?

A

sympathetic

38
Q

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the lungs?

A

bronchodilation

39
Q

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the GIT?

A
  • decreased motility
  • sphincter constriction
  • no effect on secretion
40
Q

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the bladder?

A
  • relaxation
  • sphincter constriction
41
Q

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the liver?

A
  • increased glucose production from glycogen and other substrates
42
Q

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the skin?

A
  • piloerection
  • sweat gland secretion
43
Q

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the salivary glands?

A

secretion

44
Q

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart?

A
  • decreased rate
  • decreased force
45
Q

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the arterioles?

A

no effect

46
Q

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the lungs?

A

bronchoconstriction

47
Q

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the GIT?

A
  • increased motility
  • increased secretion
  • sphincter relaxation
48
Q

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the bladder?

A
  • contraction
  • sphincter relaxation
49
Q

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the liver?

A

no effect

50
Q

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the skin?

A

no effect

51
Q

what is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the salivary glands?

A

secretion

52
Q

what things do the SNS and PNS have opposing actions on?

A
  • heart rate
  • airway tone
  • GI motility
53
Q

what things do the SNS and PNS have single system control on? give example for each

A
  • sympathetic: liver
  • parasympathetic: GI secretion
54
Q

what things do the SNS and PNS have coordinated actions on? be specific

A
  • salivary secretion of:
  • fluid (parasympathetic)
  • enzymes (sympathetic)
55
Q

which 2 of noradrenaline, adrenaline and acetylcholine are neurotransmitters? what is the other?

A
  • acetylcholine and noradrenaline are neurotransmitters
  • adrenaline is a hormone
56
Q

describe nicotinic receptors

A
  • ligand-gated ion channels
  • ‘fast’ ion channels
  • they produce their signal very fast and the signal is carried along the postganglionic neuron to the target organ
57
Q

describe muscarinic receptors

A
  • G protein coupled receptors
  • ‘flexible’
58
Q

which molecules will activate nicotinic and muscarinic receptors?

A
  • nicotine and muscarine
59
Q

what are adrenoceptors?

A
  • G protein coupled receptors
  • connected to different signalling pathways
60
Q

what are the 5 subtypes of adrenoceptors?

A

alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 1
beta 2
beta 3

61
Q

what is the neurotransmitter for all preganglionic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

62
Q

what does ACh allow for in both the SNS and PNS?

A
  • fast ganglionic transmission
  • stimulates ligand-gated ion channels at synapses
63
Q

how is ACh used in the parasympathetic NS?

A
  • main parasympathetic NT
  • activates muscarinic receptors on targets
64
Q

what are the main sympathetic mediators?

A
  • noradrenaline / adrenaline
  • activate adrenoceptors
65
Q

what is an exception in the SNS for what mediator is used for activation?

A

sympathetic innervation of the sweat glands uses acetylcholine and muscarinic receptors

66
Q

what receptor is involved in the sympathetic NS effect on the heart?

A

beta 1 adrenoceptor

67
Q

what receptor is involved in the sympathetic NS effect on the arterioles of the GIT, skin and brain?

A

alpha 1 adrenoceptor

68
Q

what receptor is involved in the sympathetic NS effect on the arterioles of skeletal muscle?

A

beta 2 adrenoceptor

69
Q

what receptor is involved in the sympathetic NS effect on the lungs?

A

beta 2 adrenoceptor

70
Q

what receptors are involved in the sympathetic NS effect on the GI tract?

A

alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta 2 adrenoceptors

71
Q

what receptor is involved in the sympathetic NS effect of relaxation on the bladder?

A

beta 2 adrenoceptor

72
Q

what receptor is involved in the sympathetic NS effect of sphincter constriction on the bladder?

A

alpha 1 adrenoceptor

73
Q

what receptors are involved in the sympathetic NS effect on the liver?

A

alpha 1 and beta 2 adrenoceptors

74
Q

what receptor is involved in the sympathetic NS effect of piloerection on the skin?

A

alpha 1 adrenoceptor

75
Q

what receptor is involved in the sympathetic NS effect of sweat gland secretion on the skin?

A

acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor

76
Q

what receptors are involved in the sympathetic NS effect on the salivary glands?

A

alpha and beta adrenoceptors

77
Q

explain how salbutamol is selective

A
  • selective for beta 2 adrenoceptors in the lungs over the beta 1 adrenoceptors in the heart
  • higher affinity to beta 2 receptors
  • opens airways and treats bronchoconstriction without affecting the heart too much

FUN F (9 decks)

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