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FUN F > F2 Organ systems > Flashcards

F2 Organ systems Flashcards

1
Q

describe how oxygen is transported in the gas exchange system

A
  • from lungs to tissues
  • carried by haemoglobin in red blood cells
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2
Q

describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the gas exchange system

A
  • from tissues to lungs as bicarbonate dissolved in the blood
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3
Q

where do nutrients / waste products need transportation between by the circulatory system?

A
  • between tissues and sites of absorption, synthesis or excretion
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4
Q

give an example of a site of absorption of nutrients in the circulatory system

A

GI tract

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5
Q

give an example of a site of synthesis of waste products in the circulatory system

A

liver

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6
Q

give an example of a site of excretion of waste products in the circulatory system

A

kidney

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7
Q

how can cells communicate at long range?

A

via hormones

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8
Q

give 3 examples of defence mechanisms

A
  • white blood cells
  • antibodies
  • clotting machinery
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9
Q

state the body parts involved the systemic circulation in order

A

left ventricle
aorta
body tissues
vena cava
right atrium

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10
Q

describe what happens in the systemic circulation system

A

oxygenated blood goes to the tissues where it is deoxygenated then it is taken back to the heart

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11
Q

state the body parts involved the pulmonary circulation in order

A

right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium

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12
Q

describe what happens in the systemic circulation system

A

deoxygenated blood is taken to the lungs where it is oxygenated then it is taken back to the heart

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13
Q

simply describe the structure of cardiac muscle

A
  • type of striated muscle
  • made of contractile cells (myocytes)
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14
Q

how are the structures of cardiac and skeletal muscle similar?

A
  • cardiac is striated and made of contractile cells (myocytes)
  • skeletal is striated and made of contractile cells (not called myocytes)
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15
Q

how is the heart muscle supported, give an example

A
  • supported by network of coronary blood vessels
  • eg. left coronary artery
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16
Q

what feature of the network of capillaries in the body allows for efficient exchange?

A

large surface area

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17
Q

what does the network of capillaries have a large surface area between?

A
  • blood plasma
  • tissue interstitial fluid
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18
Q

why do the capillaries need a large surface area?

A
  • for nutrient / gas exchange
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19
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic duct system?

A
  • drains excess interstitial fluid to circulation
  • has role in immune defence (lymph nodes contain white blood cells)
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20
Q

how can the lymphatic system have a role in the immune system?

A

the lymph nodes contain white blood cells

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21
Q

what does the spleen do?

A

acts as red blood cell store and large lymph node

22
Q

describe the cross-section of an arteriole

A
  • particularly muscular
  • endothelial cells line the inner vessel wall
23
Q

describe the function of the circular smooth muscle in the arteriole walls

A
  • contraction decreases vessel diameter which regulates blood flow to different tissues (eg. changes in posture / exercise)
  • contraction changes the size of the lumen which is used to control blood flow and blood pressure
24
Q

state the order of body parts in the airways

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

25
Q

how is the airway diameter controlled?

A
  • controlled by circular smooth muscle (especially of the bronchioles)
26
Q

what drug can the smooth muscle in the airways be targeted by?

A

salbutamol (a common asthma drug)

27
Q

where are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged?

A
  • between air in the alveolar ducts / sacs and the network of surrounding capillaries
28
Q

what is the function of the GI tract?

A

digestion and absorption of nutrients

29
Q

what is the site of absorption of orally administered drugs?

A

GI tract

30
Q

what is the function of the salivary glands?

A
  • fluid secretion
  • lubricates food as we chew
31
Q

what is contained in the fluid secretion of salivary glands and what is its function?

A
  • amylase
  • starts partial digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth
32
Q

describe the stomach in the GI tract and its function in the digestive system

A
  • contains pepsin (protein enzyme)
  • highly acidic
  • mechanical dispersion
33
Q

describe the duodenum in the GI tract and its function in the digestive system

A
  • main site of digestion
  • lipid emulsification via bile (from the liver)
  • trypsin, amylase, lipase etc. (mainly from the pancreas)
34
Q

describe the jejunum / ileum (small intestine) in the GI tract and their function in the digestive system

A
  • absorption of digested nutrients
  • main site of absorption
35
Q

describe the function of the colon in the digestive system

A
  • fluid / water reabsorption
36
Q

what are villi and what are they lined with?

A
  • invaginations on the surface of the GI tract
  • villi are lined with epithelial cells
37
Q

what are the roles of intestinal epithelial cells?

A
  • lining / diffusion barrier
  • fluid / ion transport
  • transport processes for nutrients
38
Q

what do intestinal epithelial cells have and what is the purpose of these?

A
  • microvilli
  • further increase surface area for diffusion and absorption
39
Q

in the GI tract, what is the purpose of the circular smooth muscle layers?

A
  • provide muscular support and control
  • coordinates peristalsis
40
Q

what is peristalsis?

A
  • movement of gut contents along the GI tract
41
Q

how are enzymes in the pancreas transported to the intestine?

A
  • the pancreas has a duct leading to the duodenum
  • enzymes produced in the pancreas are secreted down this duct
42
Q

describe exocrine glands

  • what are they formed by?
  • what do they do?
  • example
A
  • formed by acini cells (enzyme secretory cells)
  • release contents to a body surface eg. gut lumen
  • eg. pancreatic enzymes
43
Q

describe endocrine glands

  • what do they do?
  • example
A
  • release contents to the blood circulation (especially hormones)
  • eg. pancreatic islets produce insulin / glucagon
44
Q

give some examples of essential functions the hepatic system performs

A
  • glucose storage (as glycogen)
  • processing of red blood cells
  • bile production
  • metabolism of drugs / toxins
45
Q

give an example of a function that the renal system carries out

A
  • fluid, salt and waste product excretion
46
Q

pharmacologically, what do the hepatic and renal systems work together to control?

A

drug concentrations in the blood

47
Q

what are glial cells? give an example of one of their functions in the CNS

A
  • perform several supporting roles for neurons
  • eg. production of an insulating myelin sheath
48
Q

what does a myelin sheath allow for?

A

allows for saltatory conduction and faster transmission of electrical impulses

49
Q

function of a synapse in the CNS

A

release of neurotransmitter to stimulate next neuron / target cell

50
Q

function of axon in the CNS

A

propagates electrical action potential

51
Q

function of dendrite in the CNS

A

receives input from other neurons

52
Q

function of cell body / soma of a neuron

A

storage of the nucleus and mitochondria

FUN F (9 decks)

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