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a2 biology > F215 Past Papers > Flashcards

F215 Past Papers Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
0
Q

What is the structure and function of a voluntary muscle?

A

Bands of actin/myosin
Striated
Multinucleate

Moves bones/joints

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1
Q

What do regulatory genes do?

A

Control the expression of a structural gene.

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2
Q

What is the structure and function of involuntary muscle?

A

Unstriated, uninucleate, spindle shaped cells.

Controls the diameter of arteries.

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3
Q

Describe the structure and function of cardiac muscle.

A

Striated, uninucleate.

Pumps blood from the heart.

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4
Q

Give an example of voluntary muscle.

A

Diaphragm.

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5
Q

How does the fight or flight response work?

A

Sympathetic motor neurones stimulated.

Noradrenaline/acetylcholine neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junctions.

Adrenaline secreted into the blood from adrenal medulla.

Adrenaline binds to receptors on target tissue, adenyl Cyclase baby.

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6
Q

How does the fight or flight response effect muscles?

A

Cardiac:
Heart beats faster and more forcefully.

Smooth:
Increases blood pressure, vasoconstriction.
Less blood flow to skin.

Smooth muscle in airways relaxe, airways become wider.

Pupils dilate.

Voluntary:
Diaphragm contracts faster.

More bold flows to skeletal muscles.

Glycogenolysis in muscles for priming.

Erector pill muscles raise hairs.

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7
Q

What are advantages of PCR over in vivo?

A

Quicker, only takes a few hours as opposed to weeks for vivo, no bacteria growth.

Uses less equipment, vivo requires agar plates.

Uses less space, DNA and enzymes more compact than whole bacterial cells. Doesn’t require lots of plates to be stored.

PCR less labour intensive, leave once set. No transferring of colonies.

Can use lower quality DNA, old and forensic DNA.

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8
Q

What are advantages of in vivo over PCR?

A

Avoids mutations, in PCR a mutation will be replicated many times.

Less expensive, materials for growing bacteria cheap. Primers and enzymes and high temperatures expensive for PCR.

PCR has a limited size of replication, in vivo obtains complete gene.

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9
Q

What conditions need to be controlled in a fermenter?

A

pH and temperature effect enzyme activity, O2 levels need to be maintained so aerobic respiration can occur.

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10
Q

What enzyme converts RNA –> DNA?

A

Reverse transcriptase

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11
Q

What type of tree loses leaves seasonally?

A

Deciduous.

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12
Q

Give an example of operant conditioning.

A

Dog training.

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13
Q

What are advantages of immobilise enzymes?

A

Can be reused.
Cheaper downstream processing.
More efficient.
Not damaged.

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14
Q

Gene interactions?

A

Gene products are enzymes.
Multi step pathways.
Page 129

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15
Q

If there are less than 2 degrees of freedom what Is the conclusion?

A

No significant difference at a 95% confidence level.

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16
Q

What are features of an organism that can be used for research?

A 
Small.
Cheap.
Short life cycle.
Common.
A sequenced genome for genetic studies.
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17
Q

What’s the type of microscope that gives awesome pics?

A

Scanning electron microscope.

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18
Q

Why do we only have 2 alleles per gene?

A

Humans are diploid, and have homologous pairs of chromosomes, one on each parent.

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19
Q

What is the process of natural selection?

A

Selective advantage from mutation, increases breeding and survival, allele passed on to next gen, increases frequency of gene.

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20
Q

What is species richness?

A

No of species

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21
Q

What is species evenness?

A

Spread of population

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22
Q

How are polypeptides synthesised from information coded on genes?

A

H

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23
Q

How do polypeptides control the physical development of an organism?

A

Enzymes catalyse reactions, control metabolism.

Hormones and their effects.

Receptor proteins.

Regulatory genes switch structural genes on and off.

Homeobox genes control polarity and positioning Of organs.

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24
Q

Describe and explain the benefits of managements practised used in sustainable timber production.

A 
Coppicing
Selective felling
Rotational felling
Strip felling
Replant after felling
Preserves ecosystems.
Maintains biodiversity.
Prevents soil erosion.
Less disturbance from machinery.
Pollarding so deer can't eat shoots.
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25
Q

What is coppicing?

A

Cutting a tree trunk close to the ground to encourage new growth.

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26
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Combination of alleles possessed by an organism.

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27
Q

What are the neurotransmitters of each system?

A

Parasympathetic - acetylcholine

Sympathetic - noradrenaline

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28
Q

What is ecology?

A

The interactions between organisms and the environment.

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29
Q

Explain apical dominance.

A

Auxins prevent side shoots/lateral buds growing.

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30
Q

What enzyme cuts DNA?

A

Restriction endonuclease.

31
Q

What enzyme joins DNA together?

A

DNA ligase

32
Q

What are the isolating mechanisms for evolution?

A

Geographic, behavioural, mechanical ie size, seasonal breeding, and gamete incompatibility.

33
Q

What are homeobox genes?

A

Regulatory genes, they switch genes on and off.
Control the body plan.
Contains homeobox sequence that codes for homeo domain on a protein.

34
Q

How do you measure abundance and distribution?

A

Use a tape measure/rope to carry out a interrupted belt transect/continuous line/continuous belt.
Use the quadrat to record percentage cover of plants.
Use the ACFOR scale.
Point quadrat.
Use a key to identify species.

35
Q

What is a continuous line transect?

A

All species touching the line

36
Q

What is a continuous belt transect?

A

Quadrats end to end

37
Q

What is an interrupted transect?

A

At selected intervals only

38
Q

What are benefits and disadvantages of golden rice?

A

Reduce vitamin A deficiency in an area.
Reduce blindness

Reduces rice genetic diversity.
Seeds expensive.
Rice may not grow in all areas where needed.
Content not sufficient.
Unknown effects
39
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of somatic gene theropy?

A

Cure or reduce symptoms/better QOL.
Saves lives.
Cystic fibrosis.

Procedure may be dangerous or painful.
Immune system may reject.
Unknown effects.

40
Q

What disease can somatic gene therapy help?

A

Cystic fibrosis

41
Q

What processes lead plants to become humus?

A

Death.
Decomposition.
Excretion

42
Q

What converts ammonium compounds to nitrites?

A

Nitrosomonas.

Oxidation.

43
Q

What converts nitrites to nitrates?

A

Nitrobacter

Oxidation

44
Q

Why do plants need nitrates?

A

Make amino acids, proteins, enzymes, DNA, RNA, nucleic acids.

45
Q

What is the effect of legumes?

A

Have nitrogen fixing bacteria/rhizobium in root nodules.

Convert nitrogen gas into ammonia/AA in plants.

46
Q

What two steps must occur for distinctive changes to occur in organisms?

A

Mutation.

Selective pressures.

47
Q

Describe innate behaviour.

A

Instinctive.
Genetically determined.
Rigid and inflexible.
Automatic, doesn’t require thought.

48
Q

Describe learned behaviour.

A

Learnt and altered through experience.
Requires memory and practise.
It is variable.

49
Q

What are advantages of innate behaviour?

A

Allows rapid correct response.
Only needs a simple nervous system to respond to stimuli.
Suits species with a short lifespan, no parental care.

50
Q

Give examples of innate behaviour.

A

Reflexes:
Earthworms withdraw underground in response to vibrations, avoid predation

Kineses: non directional.
Woodlice live in damp dark areas to avoid predation. Their movement is random.

Taxes: directional.

51
Q

What are advantages of learned behaviour?

A

Flexible/adaptable to environment.

52
Q

Learned behaviour examples?

A 
Habituation.
Imprinting.
Classical conditioning.
Operant conditioning.
Latent learning.
Insight learning
53
Q

Why is the English elm genetically isolated from other varieties of elm?

A

Only reproduces asexually.

54
Q

What is the process by which plants reproduce asexually?

A

Vegetative propagation.

55
Q

Why does a loss I leaves result in the death of the trees roots?

A

No photosynthesis.
No sugar/AA
Roots cannot respire.

56
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of cloning plants by tissue culture?

A 
Quick.
Disease free.
Uniform plants created.
Can reproduce infertile plants.
Not restricted seasonally.
Save rare species from extinction.

Expensive/labour intensive.
All offspring susceptible to same disease.
No genetic variation.

57
Q

How do stop codes work?

A

They do not code for an amino acid/no matching tRNA

58
Q

What are the differences between somatic cell gene therapy and germ line cell gene therapy.

A

Somatic:
Changes body cells.
Change cannot be passed to offspring.
Cures genetic disease in a single individual.

Germ line:
Changes gametes.
Banned

59
Q

What are the differences between the CNS and the peripheral nervous system.

A

Central:
Consists of brain, spinal chord, intermediate neurones (relay).
Has many synapses.

Peripheral:
Nerves from sense organs to muscles.
Has sensory and motor neurones.
Includes somatic/autonomic/sym/para.
Senses stimuli.
60
Q

What are the differences between prophase I and II

A

In prophase I:
Homologous chromosomes pair up and Bivalents form.
Crossing over occurs at the chiasmata.

61
Q

Describe the process of cloning plants by tissue culture.

A

Cut plant material into explants.
From leaf.
Sterilise explant with bleach/alcohol.

Place on agar/growth medium containing glucose/nitrates.
Callus forms.

Subdivide callus and treat to induce roots/shoots growing.
Transfer to greenhouse.

Aseptic conditions

62
Q

Characteristics of innate behaviour?

A

Not learned.
Always performed in the same way.
Genetically programmed

63
Q

Why is inbreeding bad?

A

Decreases gene pool.

Homozygous recessive genotypes can be expressed.

64
Q

Describe the role of calcium ions in contraction and how a lack of affects it.

A

Calcium ions bind to troponin.
Troponin changes shape.
Tropomyosin moves aside.

Less ca2+ means:
less binding sites on actin available.
Fewer cross bridges.
Power stroke reduced.
Actin filaments pull past myosin with less force.
65
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Disease causing organism

66
Q

Describe fungi.

A

Chitin cell wall.

Multi nuclear

67
Q

Describe bacteria.

A

Free DNA not in nucleus.
Circular DNA.
Smaller ribosomes.

68
Q

Describe how animals are cloned by Nuclear transfer?

A

adult nucleus fused with an empty egg cell from another animal.
Fused by electroshock.
Embryo grown in vitro.
Embryo split and replaced in surrogate mother.

69
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of cloning?

A

All offspring will inherit the desired gene.
Many obtained in a short time.
Can do for animals that are hard to mate.

No genetic variation.
More susceptible to environmental factors. 
Cloned animals have a shorter life span.
Cloning success rate is tiny.
Expensive.
70
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Large scale industrial use of living organisms or enzymes to produce:
Food, ie beer
Drugs, ie insulin
Uses enzymes ie yeast

71
Q

What are the advantages of biotechnology?

A

Fast growth
Low temperatures are cheaper.
Easier to separate products - downstream processing.

72
Q

Explain why meiosis has twice the number of stages than mitosis.

A

2 diploid cells from a haploid cell in sex stuff.

73
Q

What is a difference in application of the phylogenetic approach?

A

Looks for common ancestry.
Applies to asexual organisms.
Applies to exact incur organisms.

74
Q

Why do organisms need to be able to respond to changes in the environment?

A

Avoid abiotic stress.

Avoid Predation

a2 biology (11 decks)

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