F-MEDICAL AND SURGICAL HANDWASHING Flashcards
practices that reduce or eliminate sources and transmission of infection help to protect patients and health care providers from disease.
Infection Prevention
result from delivery of health services in a health care setting and were not present at the time of admission.
Health care-associated infections (HAIs)
are classified as infections that originate in the hospital. can either develop during a client’s stay in a facility or manifest after discharge.
• Hospital environmental factors support a high population of pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics.
• Nosocomial microorganisms may also be acquired by personnel working in
the facility and can cause significant illness and time lost from work.
Nosocomial infections
microorganisms that cause nosocomial infections can originate from the clients themselves
endogenous source
The microorganisms that cause nosocomial infections that originate from the hospital environment or hospital personnel
exogenous sources
are the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
iatrogenic infection
Not all nosocomial infections are iatrogenic, nor are all nosocomial infections preventable. What is another possible contributing factor that can lead to development of nosocomial infection?
- a compromised host, a client whose normal defenses have been lowered by treatments or illness
_____ are a common vehicle for the spread of microorganisms.
hands of personnel
The presence of a pathogen does not mean that an infection will occur.
Infection occurs in a cycle, what is this cycle called?
CHAIN OF INFECTION
what are the elements of the chain of infection?
- An infectious agent or pathogen
- A reservoir or source for pathogen growth
- A portal of exit from the reservoir
- A mode of transmission
- A portal of entry to the host
- A susceptible host
Some of the more prevalent agents that cause infection are bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Bacteria, the most significant and most commonly observed infection-causing agents in healthcare institutions.
INFECTIOUS AGENT
for growth and multiplication of microorganisms is the natural habitat of the organism.
RESERVOIR
What do you call individuals who are reservoirs for an infectious agent but do not exhibit any manifestations of the disease?
CARRIERS- they are asymptomatic, but can transmit the disease
- The portal of exit is the point of escape for the organism from the reservoir.
- The organism cannot extend its influence unless it moves away from its original reservoir.
PORTAL OF EXIT
what are the common portals of exit or escape routes in humans
respiratory gastrointestinal genitourinary tracts breaks in the skin Blood and tissue
organism may be transmitted from its reservoir by various means or
routes.
Organisms can enter the body by way of the contact route, either directly
or indirectly.
Means of Transmission
which has the bigger particle size? airborne particles or droplet particles?
DROPLET PARTICLES- they are greater than 5mcm, they can travel shorter distance compared to airborne particles only up to 2m
this mode of transmission can be either vehicle or vector borne
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
in this form of transmission, a _____ is any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry
VEHICLE-BORNE TRANSMISSION. A VEHICLE
what is the term used for inanimate materials or objects, such as handkerchiefs, toys, soiled clothes, cooking or eating utensils, surgical instruments, dressings.
Water, food, blood, serum, and plasma are other components that can act as a vehicle
FOMITES
what is the term used for inanimate materials or objects, such as handkerchiefs, toys, soiled clothes, cooking or eating utensils, surgical instruments, dressings.
Water, food, blood, serum, and plasma are other components that can act as a vehicle
FOMITES
_______. A _____ is an animal or flying or crawling insect that
serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent.
VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION. vector
Transmission may occur by injecting salivary fluid during biting or by depositing feces or other materials on the skin through the bite wound or a traumatized skin area.
Vector-borne transmission
is the point at which organisms enter a new host. Often is the same as the
exit route from the prior reservoir. The urinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal tracts and the skin
PORTAL OF ENTRY
microorganisms can continue to exist only in a source that is acceptable (a host) and only if they overcome any resistance mounted by the host’s defenses.
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
is the degree of resistance the potential host has to the pathogen.
SUSCEPTIBILITY
is the absence of pathogenic (disease-producing) microorganisms
ASEPSIS (Iwamoto, 2011).
what is a way to minimize the onset and spread of infection
ASEPSIS AND THE PRINCIPLES OF ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
what is the other term used for medical asepsis?
CLEAN TECHNIQUE
involves procedures and practices that reduce the number and transfer of pathogens. Include performing hand hygiene and wearing gloves
MEDICAL ASEPSIS/ CLEAN TECHNIQUE
what is the other term for surgical asepsis?
STERILE TECHNIQUE
includes practices used to render and keep objects and areas free from
microorganisms. _____ procedures could include inserting an indwelling urinary catheter or inserting an IV catheter.
SURGICAL ASEPSIS/STERILE TECHNIQUE
recent research shows that handwashing with plain soap sometimes results in what?
paradoxical increase in bacterial counts on the skin (WHO, 2009)
according to (WHO, 2009) what is more effective for standard handwashing than soap or antiseptic soap?
ALCOHOL BASED PRODUCTS
_______ are still necessary for hand hygiene if hands are visibly soiled or when caring for patients infected with
Antimicrobial soap and water
when caring for patients infected with Clostridium difficile or multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE).
what should you use for hand hygiene?
antimicrobial soap and water for hand hygiene
Considered as single most important and basic preventive technique for
interrupting possible infectious process.
HANDWASHING
how many mL of antiseptic soap should you apply when hand washing
3-5mL
perform hand hygiene using plenty of lather and friction for at least how long?
15 to 20 seconds. interlace fingers and rub palms and back of hands with circular motion for at least 5 times.
______ has been the
traditional method for surgical asepsis.
surgical hand scrub
additional: use of antimicrobial agent, sterile brushes and sponges removes debris and transient microorganisms from the nails, hands, and forearms; reduces the resident microbial count to a minimum
_____________ recommends a 3- to 5-minute hand and arm scrub with an approved antimicrobial agent for all surgical procedures.
The Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN,
2011)
what are the two methods of surgical hand scrub?
- anatomic timed scrub
- counted stroke method
is worn in the operating room to reduce the chance for contamination between surgical personnel and patients
Surgical attire (i.e., scrubs)
in keeping the fingernails short for surgical procedures how long must it be?
14inch in length, clean and healthy.
additional: rings and watches or any accessory must be removed before the surgical scrub.
