F&E

Question 1

what is the role of parathyroid in fluid and electrolyte management

Answer 1

secretes PTH
- HIGH PTH = high calcium and low phosphate

Question 2

what is an acid

Answer 2

substance that contains hydrogen ions (H+)
example; carbonic acid (CO2)

Question 3

what is acidosis chemically

Answer 3

excess of hydrogen ions or loss of base ions (bicarb)

Question 4

what is the point of a buffer

Answer 4

prevents fluids from becoming too acidic or alkaline
* soak up free hydrogen ions OR release hydrogen ions where to alkaline
1. carbonic acid - sodium bicarb
2.phosphate system
3. protein buffer system

Question 5

where does the fluid go in third spacing

Answer 5

pleural, peritoneal (ascites)
pericardial
joints
bowels

Question 5

excess fluid volume in intravascular space

Answer 5

hypervolemia

Question 6

excess of fluid volume in interstitial spaces

Answer 6

edema

Question 7

hyponatremia

Answer 7

neurological changes

Question 8

hypernatremia

Answer 8

thirst

Question 9

hypokalemia

Answer 9

cramps
PVC’s

Question 10

hyperkalemia

Answer 10

peaked T waves

Question 11

hypocalcemia

Answer 11

numbness/ tingling of face
positive chvostek/ trouseaus sign

Question 12

hypercalcemia

Answer 12

N/V
constipation
bone pain excessive urination

Question 13

hematocrit and how fluid can be interpreted from it

Answer 13

HcT is % of volume of RBCs in blood
HIGH levels indicate severe fluid loss

Question 14

what does angiotensin II do in the body

Answer 14

causes peripheral arterial vasoconstriction

stimulates release of aldosterone which increase re-absorption of water and sodium
Aldosterone also increases excretion of potassium

Question 15

baroreceptors

Answer 15

stretch receptors located in atria and aortic arch
- reports increases in BP (stretching) to sympathetic system to decrease pressure

Question 16

hypodipsia

Answer 16

decrease in ability to sense thirst
- cause by head trauma, lesions ect.

Question 17

polydipsia

Answer 17

excessive thirst
- typically seen in CHF, DM, CKD
- can by caused by drugs like anticholinergics that cause dry mouth

Question 18

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 18

deficiency or decreased response to ADH
- large amounts of urine with excessive thirst

Question 19

SIADH

Answer 19

ADH continues to be secreted leading to water retention

Question 20

What type of fluid would a patient with SIADH receive

Answer 20

hypertonic solution

Question 21

how does ANP affect BP

Answer 21

released when there is an increase in atrial pressure
- promotes sodium/ water excretion
- suppresses renin system
- vasodilates
- decreases aldosterone secretion

Question 22

how is dehydration different from hypovolemia

Answer 22

hypovolemia is fluid deficit intravascular

dehydration is fluid volume deficit is a fluid deficit