f Flashcards
Nativist
Born with self-consciousness
Empiricist
Environmental factors through learning and experience
Learning through general information processing
Both nativist and empirist agree on
naive psychology
Meltzoff(1995) study with 18 month olds
Baby tried helping human to put cap on pen but not mechanical arm because it understands humans have intentions not inanimate objects
Fear of strangers:
5-7 months
separation anxiety
8 months
social smile
6-7 weeks
first negative emotion that appears
distress
social referencing
9-10 months
-see if something is safe from reaction of others
laughter
3-4 months
anger
2 months
fear
6-7 months
how do infants self regulate?
self calming behavior(6months,sucking thumb)
self distraction(4 months, looking away)
attachment to indivudal occurs at
6 months
ferguson and waxman
beeping experiment, non-human language can still facilitate infants object categorization only if it’s in a communicative exchange
david hume
discrete events can be combined to coherent wholes
discrete emotions(darwin)
emotions are distinct from one another
each emotion is specific to a certain bodily and facial reaction
emotions are automatic(cant control)
functionalist approach to emotions
emotions are affected by envrionemnt
emotions are subconscious at first but can be faked
emotions are used to promote action toward a goal
emotions are not discrete and vary based on social environment
harry harlow
monkey
wanted to test if attachment based on learning theory or comfort
bowlby
internal working model of attachment
mary ainsworth strange situation
4 attachment styles
self conscious emotions
shame,guilt,envy,embarassment,pride
francis guest lecture
babies prefer helpful characters over unhelpful character
francis guest lecture: morality is infleunced by
language,culture, teaching from adults, personal experience
between person attachmenton temperament
Thomas and Chess:infants categorized by easy,difficult,slow to warm up
within person attachment
mary rothbart(6 dimensions to temperament)
-activity level
-attention span
-fearful distress
-irritable distress
-positive affect
-effortful control
rene spitz orphanage experiemnt
quality time at daycare
poor quality time at daycare can lead to insecure attachment even with good care at home
what attachment looks diff across cultures
insecure attachment looks diff across cultures where as secure attachment looks the same
this is because of cultural differences and what infants are taught
contributions of nature to attachment
Biology:
dopamine
serotonin
oxytocin
oxytocin receptor
Variation of oxytocin gene receptor (OXTR)
AA AND AG alleles more likely to be secure attachment
Freuds psychosexual development
everyhitng is about desire and sexual pleasure
stage theory
each stage focused on a body part as a source of pleasure(oral stage,anal stage)
Johnsons ball experiment
expectations of what mama ball does to baby ball should be equivalent to the child’s style of attachment
core knowledge:
If you give certain properties to inanimate objects, babies will view them as animate objects
Sarah hardy
alloparenting, we attach to multiple people
How does infant develop sense of self?
Undesrantding movement of your own body parts(mobile task)
Infants prefer people who imitate them
Infants experience on the effect of their own environment:Joint attention
2 year old recognizes themselves in photos and shows self conscious emotions
separation anxiety
tomm theory of mind(nativists)
Certain areas of the brain are consistently active in representing beliefs across different tasks and that the areas are different from those involved in other complex cognitive processes
theory of mind empiricist
Some emphasis role of learning from experiences wit physical situations and with other people
Some emphasize growth of general information processing skills
Between 12-18 months pretend play emerges:children create new symbolic relations
object substitution
ignoring many of a play object’s characteristics so that they can pretend its something else
infants perceive causal connection in some physical events by
6 months
Major factor is infants acquire sense of space independent of their own location is
self locomotion
Childrens emotional development is influenced by
parents Emotional socialization:direct and indirect influence that parents have on their childrens standards,values, and ways of thinking and feeling
eeg activiation of frontal lobe
Activation of left frontal lobe is associated with approach behavior,positive affect, exploration, and sociability
Activation of right frontal lobe linked to withdrawal, state of uncertainty, fear, and anxiety
Active child theme
childs temperamental characteristic can affect their environments and their parents behavior
Goodness of fit
how well a child’s temperament matches demands of a particular context
Differential susceptibility
same temperament characteristic that puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to a harsh home environment also leads them to blossom when home environment are positive
most children are able to distinguish themselves and other by both gender and age
15 months
