Eyes- General Sxs

Question 1

what does PERRLA stand for?

Answer 1

pupils are equal round and reactive to light and accommodation

Question 2

what are general sxs associated with vision?

Answer 2

• vision loss
• errors of refraction
• conjunctival discharge
• eyestrain
• photophobia
• scotoma
• floaters
• H/A w/eye sxs
• field defects
• dry eyes
• eye contusion
• ‘red eye’

Question 3

what do you ask with vision loss?

Answer 3

• rate of onset
• pain or no pain
• central or peripheral
• unilateral or bilateral

Question 4

what are the types of errors of refraction?

Answer 4

• hyperopia
• myopia
• astigmatism
• presbyopia

Question 5

what is hyperopia?

Answer 5

• far sightedness
• most common
• eye ball is too short

Question 6

what is myopia?

Answer 6

• near sightedness
• faraway objects blurry
• eyeball is too long

Question 7

what is astigmatism?

Answer 7

-refraction is unequal in different parts of eye, cornea or lens different surface curvature

Question 8

what is presbyopia?

Answer 8

-slow loss of ability to see close objects or small print b/c lens less pliable and cannot accommodate in response to action of ciliary muscles

Question 9

what do you ask with conjunctival d/c? causes?

Answer 9

• color, quality, quantity, irritating?

- bac, viral or allergic rxn can cause

Question 10

what causes eyestrain?

Answer 10

• always looking w/in 20”
• sensation of tired eyes
• increasing difficulty to focus or seeing, eye dryness, H/A

Question 11

what is photophobia? causes?

Answer 11

• abnormal visual intolerance to light

- eye infection, eye injury, cataracts, allergies,conjunctivitis, migraine H/A

Question 12

what is a scotoma?

Answer 12

• blind spot
• area of complete or partial blindness
• scintillating scotoma= luminous patch in visual field, can be migraine prodrome

Question 13

what are floaters?

Answer 13

• deposits w/in vitreous humor

- visible b/c cast shadows on retina or refraction of light that passes them

Question 14

what causes floaters?

Answer 14

• developmental, acquired
• autoimmune uveitis
• diabetic retinopathy
• posterior vitreous detachment w/aging

Question 15

what cause H/As w/eye sxs?

Answer 15

• cluster H/As
• migraines
• sinusitis

Question 16

what is hemianopia?

Answer 16

blindness or decreased vision in half of visual field of one or both eyes
ALL ARE CONCERNING

Question 17

what is homonymous hemianopsia? where is the problem usu?

Answer 17

• same side of both eyes, lose pupillary reflexes

- usu optic tract problem

Question 18

what is cross hemianopsia? where is the problem usu?

Answer 18

• opposite sides

- often pituitary problem

Question 19

what is quadrant hemianopsia?

Answer 19

• pupil reflex present as optic tract not affected

- level of brain

Question 20

what can cause dry eyes?

Answer 20

• aging
• mal-positioned eyelids
• chemical burn to eye
• medications
• climate
• dry eye syndromes*
• post-eye surgery
• vitamin A deficiency

Question 21

what is a dry eye syndrome?

Answer 21

-keratoconjunctivitis sicca: bilateral dryness from lack of tears, more common in F, redness, swelling, itching, burning, perhaps reduced vision

Question 22

what can cause an eye contusion?

Answer 22

• blunt trauma
• ice for 24hrs then alt w/heat
• arnica, edum, symphytum homeopathics
• suture minors

Question 23

what can cause red eye?

Answer 23

• hemorrhage of conjunctival vessels

- injection

Question 24

how does hemorrhage of conjunctival vessels present?

Answer 24

• sclera gets red
• due to minor trauma (or coughing, sneezing or straining)
• not painful
• no vision change
• not pathological

Question 25

what is conjunctival injection?

Answer 25

• common
• peripheral, brick-red tortuous superficial vessels
• FADE TOWARD IRIS
• move w/conjunctiva
• blanch and refill w/pressure

Question 26

what is ciliary injection?

Answer 26

• less common
• ciliary flush
• violet or rose colored
• fine, straight deep vessels
• RADIATE OUT FROM LIMBUS
• FADE TOWARD IRIS
• doesn’t blanch or move