Eyes and Vision Flashcards
What are the three cranial nerves that are responsible for extraoccular movements?
Cranial nerves III, IV and VI.
What test is used to test the alignment of the eye and to check for strabismus?
Hirschberg test
How is the Hirschberg test done?
Shine a light in the patient’s eyes and check the alignment of the light’s reflection
Strabismus
a disparity of the eye axes
also termed “tropia” and is likely to cause amblyopia
Esotropia
inward turning of the eye
Exotropia
outward turning of the eye
What does the 6 cardinal gazes test look for?
Nystagmus
What must you do during the 6 cardinal gazes test in order to ensure accuracy and ease for the patient?
Have the patient return their gaze to a neutral position
Nystagmus
a fine, oscillating movement seen just outside of the iris
mild nystagmus at the extreme lateral gaze points is normal
Diplopia
double vision
Cataracts
clouding of the clear lens of the eye due to UV radiation which causes fuzzy vision and sensitivity to glare
Glaucoma
optic nerve neuropathy characterized by a loss of peripheral vision due to increased intraocular pressure
Presbyopia
a decrease in the ability of the eyes to accommodate, which is apparent when a patient moves a vision card away from their face
Myopia
nearsightedness
Hyperopia
farsightedness
Hordeolum
Stye
Ptosis
drooping (stroke)
Exophthalmos
thyroid disorder
Periorbital edema is common in which conditions?
CHF
infection
Anisocoria
different pupil sizes
Which percentage of the population has anisocoria?
5%
PERRLA
Pupils Equal Round Reactive to Light and Accomodate
What is the best technique to use when assessing for PERRLA?
bring penlight from side to center of eye
What type of drugs cause pupillary constriction?
codeine fentanyl hydrocodone oxycodone morphine methadone heroin
What drugs cause pupillary dilation?
amphetamines bath salts benzos cocaine ecstasy ketamine LSD
What type of head injury and what aspects of a head injury can cause abnormal pupil sizes?
concussion
increased ICP
Consensual light reflex
change in pupil size of the eye opposite to the eye in which the light is being shined in
Direct light reflex
change in pupil size of the eye that has light shined into it
How do you interpret Snellen chart numbers? For example, 20/40?
indicates that the line that you read correctly at 20 feet can normally be read at 40 feet
What does a normal iris look like?
flat, round, evenly colored
What is the normal resting size of a pupil?
3-5mm
What retinal structures can be seen with an opthalmoscope?
retinal vessels
macula
fovea centralis
