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Z MD 2 > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

what is legally blind

A

less than 6/60

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2
Q

scleritis is frequently associated with

A

systemic vasculitis

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3
Q

what occurs with each of the cranial neuropathies for the eye

A

III - ptosis and down and out eye

IV - upwards eye

VI - unable to abduct the eye

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4
Q

describe what is in the anterior and posterior segments of the eye

A

anterior - acqueous humour

posterior - vitreous humour

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5
Q

signs of central retinal artery occlusion on examination

A

pale retina

arteriolar attenuation

cherry red spot

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6
Q

what is ectropion and entropion

A

ectropion - eversion of the eye lid

extropion - inversion of the eyelid

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7
Q

what is the visual change sometimes seen with migraine sufferers called

A

scintillating scotoma

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8
Q

emergency management of acute angle glaucoma

A

IOP reduction

acetazolamide

topical betablocker

topical steroids

peripheral iridotomy

laser once IOP reduced

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9
Q

what causes primary open angle glaucoma

A

obstruction of the acqueous drainage within the trabecular meshwork and its drainage into the Canal of Schlemm

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10
Q

major cause of visual loss in diabetics

A

diabetic maculopathy

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11
Q

what are the 2 things you can see using an Amsler grid

A

metamorphopsia

scotoma

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12
Q

explain what myopia is

A

the eye is too short for its optical system –> focal point is infront of the retina

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13
Q

when do you use a Amsler Grid

A

when you suspect macular pathology

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14
Q

main complaint with scleritis

A

excruciating pain that wakes pt up at night

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15
Q

how does macular degeneration occur

A

abnormal BVs develop in the choroid (outer to the retina - growing towards the retina) - destroying the outer part of the retina traditionally in older people

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16
Q

is dry or wet macular degeneration more common

A

dry

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17
Q

what does Horner’s syndrome cause

A

pupil constriction

hemifacial sweating

ptosis

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18
Q

complications of topical steroids for the eye

A

cataracts

glaucoma

prone to infection

corneal perforation with HSV

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19
Q

what is the worst vision

A

NPL - no perception of light

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20
Q

acute management of opacification of the cornea

A
  • immediate copious irrigation after injury for at least 30 minutes
  • determine pH on arrival to hospital
  • continue irrigation until pH is normal
  • topical anaesthesia to cornea, led eversion and removal of particulate matter with a swab
  • topical antibiotic cover, topical steroids and IOP control
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21
Q

what do you see with the fluorescein stain and opthalmoscope in dry eyes

A

punctate epithelial erosions in the lower third of the cornea

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22
Q

what is astigmatism

A

abnormal curve of the cornea

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23
Q

what is accommodation

A

active increase in lens power to move the focal point anteriorly when viewing near objects

24
Q

which eye conditions do you use positive and negative lenses

A

myopia - positive lens

hyperopia - negative lens

25
what is presbiopia
loss of accommodation with age
26
signs of central retinal vein occlusion on examination
retinal haemorrhages in all quadrants macular oedema widesorbed cotton wool spots
27
what is a sign that the conjunctivitis is viral
pre-auricular lymphadenopathy and clear exudate
28
what will a chemical injury to the eye cause
opacification of the cornea
29
clinical features of macular degeneration
progressive central visual loss metamorphopsia
30
normal intra-ocular pressure
15 mmHg (6-21)
31
how does retinal detachment occur
tear in the retina --\> fluid can track under the retina and make it fall off from the choroid
32
how does diabetic retinopathy occur
where the BVs in the retina become abnormally dilated and blocked --\> leaky into tissues of cholesterol --\> bleeding and swelling of the macular
33
warning signs of retinal detachment
vitreous floaters flashes field defects afferent pupil defect
34
complications of hyphaema
glaucoma corneal staining re-bleed
35
why is glaucoma bad
optic nerve starts to become atrophic --\> gradual blindness (from periphery to centre)
36
3 major clinical features of primary open angle glaucoma
progressive visual field loss (painless) progressive increase in cup-to-disc ratio of optic disc elevated intra-ocular pressure
37
most common cause of abnormal red reflex in children
Retinoblastoma
38
what is hyphaema
blood in the anterior chamber
39
what is the fancy word for lazy eye
amblyopia
40
what is blepharitis
crusting build up of the eyelashes causing irritation
41
which examinations MUST you do when looking at a patient with an eye problem
visual acuity +/- colour vision pupil reactions intra-ocular pressure
42
7 causes of acute PAINLESS loss of vision
central retinal artery occlusion central retinal vein occlusion temporal arterieis retinal detachment vitreous haemorrhage exudative macular degeneration optic neuritis
43
when do you use a pinhole with a Snellen chart
if vision is 6/9 or worse
44
what are cataracts
lens opacity
45
explain what hyperopia is
the eye is too long for its optical system - focal point is behind the retina
46
Sx of episcleritis
mild eye discomfort, itching and watering - no visual disturbance
47
Signs of acute angle closure glaucoma on examination
cloudly oedematous cornea mid-dilated pupil high intra-ocular pressure shallow anterior chamber
48
management of ectropion
- ocular lubricants - consider surgical repair if lid position does not improve over 3 months
49
what are the components of the optical system of the eye
cornea and lens
50
what sign suggests macular degeneration
metamorphoia (distortion) of vision
51
how can you diagnose herpes epithelial erosion
fluorescein stain with blue light opthalmoscope --\> dendritic lesion
52
systemic diseases associated with iritis
spondylarthropathies IBD tubulointersitial nephritis IgA glomerulonephritis Sarcoidosis Bechet's disease
53
what happens to the eyes (when you look at them) when you accommodate
pupils constrict eyes converge
54
cause of acute PAINFUL loss of vision
acute angle closure
55
what is glaucoma
increased intraoccular pressure
56
what are the proper words for short and long sightedness
short = myopia long = hyperopia
57
7 most common causes of unilateral red eye
ulcer foreign body sub conjunctival haemorrhage episcleritis scleritis iritis acute angle closure glucoma

Z MD 2 (15 decks)

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