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Z MD 2 > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

what is legally blind

A

less than 6/60

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2
Q

scleritis is frequently associated with

A

systemic vasculitis

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3
Q

what occurs with each of the cranial neuropathies for the eye

A

III - ptosis and down and out eye

IV - upwards eye

VI - unable to abduct the eye

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4
Q

describe what is in the anterior and posterior segments of the eye

A

anterior - acqueous humour

posterior - vitreous humour

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5
Q

signs of central retinal artery occlusion on examination

A

pale retina

arteriolar attenuation

cherry red spot

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6
Q

what is ectropion and entropion

A

ectropion - eversion of the eye lid

extropion - inversion of the eyelid

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7
Q

what is the visual change sometimes seen with migraine sufferers called

A

scintillating scotoma

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8
Q

emergency management of acute angle glaucoma

A

IOP reduction

acetazolamide

topical betablocker

topical steroids

peripheral iridotomy

laser once IOP reduced

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9
Q

what causes primary open angle glaucoma

A

obstruction of the acqueous drainage within the trabecular meshwork and its drainage into the Canal of Schlemm

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10
Q

major cause of visual loss in diabetics

A

diabetic maculopathy

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11
Q

what are the 2 things you can see using an Amsler grid

A

metamorphopsia

scotoma

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12
Q

explain what myopia is

A

the eye is too short for its optical system –> focal point is infront of the retina

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13
Q

when do you use a Amsler Grid

A

when you suspect macular pathology

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14
Q

main complaint with scleritis

A

excruciating pain that wakes pt up at night

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15
Q

how does macular degeneration occur

A

abnormal BVs develop in the choroid (outer to the retina - growing towards the retina) - destroying the outer part of the retina traditionally in older people

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16
Q

is dry or wet macular degeneration more common

A

dry

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17
Q

what does Horner’s syndrome cause

A

pupil constriction

hemifacial sweating

ptosis

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18
Q

complications of topical steroids for the eye

A

cataracts

glaucoma

prone to infection

corneal perforation with HSV

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19
Q

what is the worst vision

A

NPL - no perception of light

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20
Q

acute management of opacification of the cornea

A
  • immediate copious irrigation after injury for at least 30 minutes
  • determine pH on arrival to hospital
  • continue irrigation until pH is normal
  • topical anaesthesia to cornea, led eversion and removal of particulate matter with a swab
  • topical antibiotic cover, topical steroids and IOP control
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21
Q

what do you see with the fluorescein stain and opthalmoscope in dry eyes

A

punctate epithelial erosions in the lower third of the cornea

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22
Q

what is astigmatism

A

abnormal curve of the cornea

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23
Q

what is accommodation

A

active increase in lens power to move the focal point anteriorly when viewing near objects

24
Q

which eye conditions do you use positive and negative lenses

A

myopia - positive lens

hyperopia - negative lens

25
Q

what is presbiopia

A

loss of accommodation with age

26
Q

signs of central retinal vein occlusion on examination

A

retinal haemorrhages in all quadrants

macular oedema

widesorbed cotton wool spots

27
Q

what is a sign that the conjunctivitis is viral

A

pre-auricular lymphadenopathy and clear exudate

28
Q

what will a chemical injury to the eye cause

A

opacification of the cornea

29
Q

clinical features of macular degeneration

A

progressive central visual loss

metamorphopsia

30
Q

normal intra-ocular pressure

A

15 mmHg (6-21)

31
Q

how does retinal detachment occur

A

tear in the retina –> fluid can track under the retina and make it fall off from the choroid

32
Q

how does diabetic retinopathy occur

A

where the BVs in the retina become abnormally dilated and blocked –> leaky into tissues of cholesterol –> bleeding and swelling of the macular

33
Q

warning signs of retinal detachment

A

vitreous floaters

flashes

field defects

afferent pupil defect

34
Q

complications of hyphaema

A

glaucoma corneal

staining

re-bleed

35
Q

why is glaucoma bad

A

optic nerve starts to become atrophic –> gradual blindness (from periphery to centre)

36
Q

3 major clinical features of primary open angle glaucoma

A

progressive visual field loss (painless)

progressive increase in cup-to-disc ratio of optic disc

elevated intra-ocular pressure

37
Q

most common cause of abnormal red reflex in children

A

Retinoblastoma

38
Q

what is hyphaema

A

blood in the anterior chamber

39
Q

what is the fancy word for lazy eye

A

amblyopia

40
Q

what is blepharitis

A

crusting build up of the eyelashes causing irritation

41
Q

which examinations MUST you do when looking at a patient with an eye problem

A

visual acuity +/- colour vision

pupil reactions

intra-ocular pressure

42
Q

7 causes of acute PAINLESS loss of vision

A

central retinal artery occlusion

central retinal vein occlusion

temporal arterieis

retinal detachment

vitreous haemorrhage

exudative macular degeneration

optic neuritis

43
Q

when do you use a pinhole with a Snellen chart

A

if vision is 6/9 or worse

44
Q

what are cataracts

A

lens opacity

45
Q

explain what hyperopia is

A

the eye is too long for its optical system - focal point is behind the retina

46
Q

Sx of episcleritis

A

mild eye discomfort, itching and watering - no visual disturbance

47
Q

Signs of acute angle closure glaucoma on examination

A

cloudly oedematous cornea

mid-dilated pupil

high intra-ocular pressure

shallow anterior chamber

48
Q

management of ectropion

A
  • ocular lubricants
  • consider surgical repair if lid position does not improve over 3 months
49
Q

what are the components of the optical system of the eye

A

cornea and lens

50
Q

what sign suggests macular degeneration

A

metamorphoia (distortion) of vision

51
Q

how can you diagnose herpes epithelial erosion

A

fluorescein stain with blue light opthalmoscope –> dendritic lesion

52
Q

systemic diseases associated with iritis

A

spondylarthropathies

IBD

tubulointersitial nephritis

IgA glomerulonephritis

Sarcoidosis

Bechet’s disease

53
Q

what happens to the eyes (when you look at them) when you accommodate

A

pupils constrict eyes converge

54
Q

cause of acute PAINFUL loss of vision

A

acute angle closure

55
Q

what is glaucoma

A

increased intraoccular pressure

56
Q

what are the proper words for short and long sightedness

A

short = myopia

long = hyperopia

57
Q

7 most common causes of unilateral red eye

A

ulcer

foreign body

sub conjunctival haemorrhage

episcleritis

scleritis

iritis

acute angle closure

glucoma

Z MD 2 (15 decks)

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