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Clinical medicine 3 > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

Accommodation

A

adjustment of the eye for various distances through modification of the lens curvature

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2
Q

Amsler grid

A

a set of charts with various geometric shapes in black and white, used for detecting defects of the central visual field

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3
Q

Anisocoria

A

inequality of the diameter of the pupils; may be normal or congenital. often normal if inequality is within 1 mm

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4
Q

aphakia

A

condition in which part or all of the crystalline lens of the eye is absent, usually because of surgical removal for the treatment of cataracts

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5
Q

aqueous humor

A

watery transparent liquid containing trace albumin and small amount of salts produced by the iris, ciliary body, and cornea. It circulates through the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye

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6
Q

astigmatism

A

an abnormal condition in which the light rays cannot be focused clearly in a point on the retina because of an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

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7
Q

cataracts

A

opacity of the lens; most commonly resulting from denaturation of the lens protein caused by aging

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8
Q

chalazion

A

small, hard tumor analogous to sebaceous cyst developing on the eye lids, formed by the distention of a meibomian gland with secretion

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9
Q

choroid

A

middle vascular tunic of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. dark brown vascular coat of the eye between the sclera and retina, extending from ora serrata to optic nerve. consists of blood vessels united by connective tissue containing pigmented cells and is made up of five layers.

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10
Q

ciliary body

A

thickened part of the vascular tunic of the eye that joins the iris with the anterior portion of the choroid. consists of three zones: ciliary disk, ciliary crown, and ciliary muscle

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11
Q

cones

A

the photosensitive, outward-directed, conical process of a cone cell essential for sharp vision and color vision; cones are the only photoreceptor in the fovea centralis and become interspersed with increasing numbers of rods toward the periphery of the retina

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12
Q

confrontation

A

test for estimating peripheral vision

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13
Q

conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of the lids

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14
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by infectious agents or by allergies; commonly called pinkeye

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15
Q

cornea

A

clear, transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye comprising about one sixth of its surface. it is the chief refractory structure of the eye

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16
Q

corneal arcus

A

opaque white rings about corneal periphery, seen in many individuals older than 60 years of age. this is due to deposit of lipids in the cornea or to hyaline degeneration. May indicate a lipid disorder, most commonly type 2 hyperlipidemia if present before the 40 years of age

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17
Q

cotton wool spot

A

an ill-defined yellow areas due to infarction of the nerve layer of the retina

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18
Q

depth perception

A

perception of spatial relationships; three dimensional perception. The visual ability to judge depth or distance

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19
Q

diabetic retinopathy (background)

A

condition characterized by dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates

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20
Q

diabetic retinopathy (proliferative)

A

condition characterized by development of new vessels as a result of anoxic stimulation; vessels grow out of the retina toward the vitreous humor

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21
Q

diopter

A

refractive power of the lens with focal distance of 1 meter, used as unit of measurement in refraction

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22
Q

diplopia

A

the condition in which a single object is perceived as two objects (double vision)

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23
Q

drusen

A

tiny yellow or white deposits in the retina of the eye or on the optic nerve head

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24
Q

ectropion

A

eversion (outward rolling) of an edge or margin; as the edge of the eyelid

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25
Q

episcleritis

A

inflammation of the superficial layers of the sclera located in front of the insertion of the rectus muscle

26
Q

entropion

A

inversion (inward rolling) of an edge or margin; especially the margin of the lower eyelid

27
Q

exophthalmos

A

an increase in the volume of the orbital content, causing a protrusion of the globes forward. it may be bilateral or unilateral. the most common cause of bilateral is Grave’s disease (thyroid disease), but when unilateral protrusion is noted a retro-orbital tumor must be suspected

28
Q

Farsightedness

A

an error of refraction in which, with accommodation completely relaxed, parallel rays come to focus behind the retina

29
Q

Glaucoma

A

disease of the optic nerve wherein the nerve cell die, producing increased cupping appearance of the optic nerve. An abnormal condition of elevated pressure within an eye resulting from obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor. produces defects in the visual field and may result in blindness

30
Q

Hemianopia

A

blindness for half the field of vision in one or both eyes

31
Q

hordeolum (sty)

A

suppurative inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid

32
Q

hyperopia (farsightedness)

A

refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are focused behind the retina

33
Q

hypertelorism

A

eyes spaced widely apart

34
Q

hyphema

A

blood in the anterior chamber of the eye in front of the iris

35
Q

iris

A

colored contractile membrane suspended between the lens and cornea in the aqueous humor of the eye, separating the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball and perforated in the center by the pupil. by contraction and dilation it regulates the entrance of light

36
Q

iritis

A

inflammation of the iris

37
Q

legal blindness

A

in the US, a person is usually considered legally blind when vision in the better eye, corrected by glasses, is 20/200 or less, or in the case of a constricted field of vision: 20 degrees or less in the better eye

38
Q

macula (fovea)

A

site of central vision

39
Q

mydriasis

A

pupillary dilation

40
Q

miosis

A

abnormal contraction of pupils

41
Q

myopia (nearsightedness)

A

condition resulting from a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are brought into focus in front of the retina

42
Q

night blindness

A

decreased ability to see in reduced illumination. seen in patients with impaired rod function; often associated with a deficiency of vitamin A

43
Q

nystagmus

A

involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes; the oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed

44
Q

papilledema

A

edema of the optic disc resulting in loss of definition of the disc margin; the cause often is increased intracranial pressure

45
Q

peripheral vision

A

vision resulting from retinal stimulation beyond the macula

46
Q

pinguecula

A

a harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris that stops at the limbus

47
Q

presbyopia

A

hyperopia (farsightedness) and impaired near vision from loss of lens elasticity, generally developing during middle age

48
Q

pterygium

A

triangular (patch like) thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly to the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side, and may cover a portion of the cornea

49
Q

ptosis

A

drooping of one or both upper eyelids

50
Q

punctum

A

tiny aperture (opening) in the margin of each eyelid that opens to the lacrimal duct

51
Q

red reflex

A

a response caused by light illuminating the retina

52
Q

Refraction

A

the act of determining the nature and degree of the refractive errors in the eye and correction of them by lenses

53
Q

retina

A

sensory network of the eye that transforms light impulses into electrical impulses, which are transmitted through the optic nerve

54
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A

chronic progressive disease, which may occur in childhood, characterized by degeneration of the retinal neuroepithelium

55
Q

retinoblastoma

A

an embryonic malignant glioma arising from the retina usually during the first two years of life. initial diagnostic finding usually a yellowish or white light reflex seen at the pupil (cat’s eyes reflex)

56
Q

rods

A

the photosensitive, outward-directed process of a rhodopsin-containing rod cell in the external granular layer of the retina; many millions of such rods, together with the cones, form the photoreceptive layer of rods and cones

57
Q

sclera

A

tough white fibrous tissue which covers the so-called white of the eye. extends from the optic nerve to the cornea

58
Q

scleritis

A

superficial and deep inflammation of the sclera

59
Q

strabismus

A

condition in which both eyes do not focus on the same object simultaneously, however either eye can focus independently

60
Q

uveitis

A

inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, or the entire uvea

61
Q

vitreous body

A

transparent jellylike substance that fills the cavity of the eyeball, enclosed by the hyaloid membrane, it is composed of a delicate network (vitreous stroma) enclosing in its meshes a watery fluid (vitreous humor)

62
Q

xanthelasma

A

an elevated plague commonly found on the nasal portion of the eyelid due to elevated cholesterol

Clinical medicine 3 (5 decks)

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