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Clinical Medicine > Eyes > Flashcards

Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

this eye condition occurs when the lens becomes hard and can’t properly accommodate due to aging

A

presbyopia

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2
Q

what are 2 symptoms of presbyopia?

A

eye strain and headache

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3
Q

what is a tx for presbyopia?

A

corrective lenses

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4
Q

this eye condition occurs due to damage to the optic nerve due to pressure inside the eye

A

glaucoma

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5
Q

what are 4 RFs for glaucoma?

A

1st degree relatives
DM
ethnic backgrounds
chronic steroid use

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6
Q

what is the main cause of acute angle glaucoma?

A

rapid narrowing of anterior chamber angle leads to inadequate aqueous humor drainage

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7
Q

what are at least 4 RFs of acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

farsightedness
lens enlargement
elderly
genetics
(often is precipitated by pupil dilation)

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8
Q

what are common signs/ symptoms of acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

extreme pain
red eye
cloudy cornea
dilated pupil
blurred vision (halos around lights)
headache, n/v

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9
Q

is acute angle glaucoma usually unilateral or bilateral?

A

unilateral

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10
Q

what is the first line tx of acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

IV acetazolamide (diuretic)

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11
Q

after 1st line tx of acute angle closure glaucoma, what options are next?

A

oral diuretics
topical drops- timolol
topical pilocarpine
cataract removal or laser peripheral iridotomy

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12
Q

this type of glaucoma is progressive optic nerve damage that causes peripheral vision loss

A

chronic glaucoma

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13
Q

what type of fibers are most impacted by chronic glaucoma?

A

small nerve fibers of the periphery

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14
Q

what are three types of chronic glaucoma?

A

open angle
angle closure
normal tension

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15
Q

what are the three main factors to consider when diagnosing chronic glaucoma?

A

must have 2 of the 3:
optic disc (disc: cup ratio)
visual field loss
IOP

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16
Q

what are the 3 MC tx of chronic glaucoma?

A

1st line- PG analog drops: latanoprost/ travoprost
topical beta blocker (decreases production)
laster treatment or surgery

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17
Q

this eye condition is a misalignment of the eyes

A

strabismus

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18
Q

what is the main cause of strabismus?

A

issues with the eye muscles or structures that control the muscles

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19
Q

term for eye deviated inward

A

esotropia

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20
Q

term for eye deviated outward

A

exotropia

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21
Q

this is a lack of development of the bridge of the nose that makes it appear like the pt has strabismus

A

pseudostrabismus

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22
Q

what 2 diagnostic measures are used for strabismus?

A

hirschberg test (see if light on same side on pupil on both eyes)
cover test- cover good eye, bad eye will fixate on spot

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23
Q

this eye condition is associated with fixation preference for one eye leading to limiting extraocular movement for the weak eye and occurs in 1/2 of children with strabismus

A

amblyopia

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24
Q

this type of ambylopia occurs due to long term suppression of 1 eye which causes the visual cortex to suppress image in order to avoid having diplopia

A

strabismic amblyopia

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25
Q

what is the main symptom of amblyopia?

A

unilateral impaired fine depth perception

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26
Q

what is the diagnostic standard for amblyopia?

A

at least a 2 line difference in visual accuity

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27
Q

tx for amblyopia

A

patching good eye
atropine (blurring vision in good eye with cycloplegic agent)
fixing structural issues

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28
Q

this eye condition is a childhood tumor of blast cells in the retina

A

retinoblastoma

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29
Q

what is the most tell tale sign of retinoblastoma?

A

leukocoria- white reflex
(lack of red reflex)

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30
Q

true or false- most retinoblastomas are diagnosed by age 2

A

true

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31
Q

this eye condition is sudden unilateral vision loss that typically lasts a few minutes

A

amaurosis fugax

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32
Q

what is the most common cause of amaurosis fugax?

A

hypoperfusion

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33
Q

what are three common causes of hypoperfusion that may lead to amaurosis fugax?

A

carotid artery disease
giant cell arthritis (swelling of arteries of the head)
vasospasm

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34
Q

what diagnostics would be considered for amaurosis fugax?

A

ophthalmologic exam
ESR and CRP levels
carotid ultrasound

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35
Q

this eye condition is due to inflammatory demyelination of optic nerve that causes acute, unilateral vision loss

A

optic neuritis

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36
Q

what are 5 conditions that are RFs for optic neuritis?

A

MS
infection
methanol poisoning
B12 deficiency
diabetes

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37
Q

signs and symptoms of optic neuritis

A

subacute central vision loss
loss of color or brightness
eye pain (worse with movement)
swollen optic disc
relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)

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38
Q

tx of optic neuritis

A

IV steroids
if vision doesn’t improve within 2-3 weeks, MRI indicated to r/o lesion

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39
Q

this is repetitive, uncontrolled eye movement

A

nystagmus

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40
Q

this eye condition is due to the optic disc swelling due to raised intracranial pressure (ICP)

A

papilledema

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41
Q

what are 5 causes of papilledema?

A

idiopathic intracranial hypertension
space occupying lesions
blockage of CSF flow
cerebral edema
meningitis/ encephalitis

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42
Q

this type of papilledema is characterized by enlargement of the optic disc without loss acuity

A

acute

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43
Q

this type of papilledema is characterized by visual field loss with profound loss of acuity

A

chronic

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44
Q

tx of papilledema

A

weight loss
acetazolamide (diuretic)
shunt if necessary

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45
Q

this eye disorder is inflammation of the mucus membrane that lines the surface of the eyeball and inner eyelids

A

conjunctivitis

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46
Q

list 7 subtypes of conjuntivitis

A

viral
bacterial
gonococcal
chlamydial- inclusion
chlamydial- trachoma
allergic
keratoconjunctivitis

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47
Q

what is the MC cause of viral conjunctivitis?

A

adenovirus

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48
Q

what are key s/s of viral conjunctivitis?

A

bilateral copious watery discharge
foreign body sensation
follicles on inferior palpebral conjunctival surface

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49
Q

1st line tx of viral conjunctivitis

A

cold compress and artificial tears

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50
Q

if viral conjunctivitis is caused by HSV, varicella zoster, or herpes zoster, then what is a common symptom?

A

unilateral lid vesicles

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51
Q

if viral conjunctivitis is caused by HSV, varicella zoster, or herpes zoster, then what are tx options?

A

topical antivirals- ganciclovir
oral antivirals- acyclovir, valacyclovir
ophtho consult

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52
Q

what are the MC pathogens of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

staph, strep, h flu, pseudomonas (contact lens), moraxella

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53
Q

what are key s/s of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

copious purulent discharge
mild blurring of vision and discomfort

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54
Q

1st line tx of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

topical abx- trimethoprim with polymixin B
if pseudomonas- fluroquinolones: ciprofloxacin

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55
Q

what is the MC cause of gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A

contact with genital secretions (hand to eye)

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56
Q

what are the key s/s of gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A

copious purulent discharge (excessive)
chemosis (edema)
lid swelling
preauricular adenopathy

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57
Q

what is a primary way to Dx gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A

stained smear and culture of drainage
(will show G- intracellular diplococci and PMN leukocytes)

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58
Q

what are 4 tx measures for gonococcal conjunctivitis?

A

IM ceftriaxone
topical abx- erythromycin or bacitracin
irrigation
treat STDs

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59
Q

what is the MC cause of inclusion chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

contact with contaminated genital secretions (STD type)

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60
Q

s/s of chlamydial inclusion conjunctivitis

A

follicular involvement
acute redness
purulent
irritation
mild keratitis
nontender preauricular lymph nodes

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61
Q

what is the diagnostic measure of inclusion chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

immunological tests- PCR or conjunctival samples

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62
Q

1st line tx of inclusion chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

oral doxycycline
(treat STIs)

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63
Q

causes of trachoma- chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

contact with infected person, towels/ cloths, and flies

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64
Q

key s/s of chlamydial conjunctivitis- trachoma

A

chronic keratoconjunctivitis
(Recurrence can lead to cloudy cornea and blindness)

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65
Q

1st line tx of tachoma chlamydial conjunctivitis

A

oral azithromycin

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66
Q

cause of allergic conjunctivitis

A

seasonal/ hay fever

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67
Q

s/s of allergic conjunctivitis

A

bilateral hyperemia
chemosis
stringy discharge
follicular appearance on tarsal conjunctiva
itching and tearing

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68
Q

tx of allergic conjunctivitis

A

topical antihistamines
topical mast cell stabilizer- cromolyn
combined antihistamine and mast cell- olopatadine
systemic antihistamines- loratadine

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69
Q

cause of keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

hypo-function of lacrimal glands (aging, genetics, systemic disease, drugs)
excessive evaporation of tears (environmental factors)

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70
Q

s/s of keratoconjunctivitis sicca

A

dryness
redness
foreign body sensation
variable vision

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71
Q

what are s/s of severe dry eye?

A

discomfort
photophobia
difficulty moving lid
excessive mucus secretion

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72
Q

what are 3 special tests that can be used to help diagnose keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

A

slit lamp- tear film volume
fluorescein stain- corneal damage
schirmer test- amount of tearing

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73
Q

tx for keratoconjunctivitis

A

artificial tears (preservatives may mimic dry eye)
stop drying medications
humidifiers
ophtho may recommend short term topical steroid

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74
Q

this eye condition is opacities of the lens

A

cataracts

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75
Q

what are some causes/ RFs of cataracts?

A

age
congenital
traumatic
systemic disease
steroid use
uveitis

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76
Q

what are some s/s of cataracts?

A

bilateral progressive vision loss
glaring (especially in bright light)
change of focusing (nearsightedness)

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77
Q

what would you expect to see on a PE of a pt with cataracts?

A

pupil appears white

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78
Q

management of cataracts includes…

A

ophtho referral
if functional vision impairment–> lens replacement

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79
Q

this is a scratch or abrasion to the corneal surface

A

corneal abrasion

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80
Q

what are 3 common causes of corneal abraison?

A

trauma
foreign body
contact lenses

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81
Q

s/s of corneal abraison

A

severe pain
photophobia
foreign body sensation

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82
Q

Dx exam for corneal abrasion

A

check visual acuity
tetracaine to anesthetize
lid eversion (r/o foreign body)
stain with fluorescein

83
Q

corneal abrasion tx

A

ointment abx- bacitracin-polymyxin/ erythromycin
pseudomonas- ointment or eyedrop fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin)
analgesics- oral or topical NSAIDs
larger abrasions- cycloplegic drops, patching

84
Q

this eye condition is a defect that causes an open sore on the epithelium of the eye surface

A

corneal ulcer

85
Q

what are 3 causes of a corneal ulcer?

A

infection
long term contact use
persistent eye irritation

86
Q

s/s of corneal ulcer include…

A

pain
photophobia
tearing
reduced vision
corneal injection
discharge

87
Q

tx of corneal ulcer includes…

A

emergent ophtho consult
ointment abx- erythromycin

88
Q

how to diagnose a corneal foreign body

A

exam or fluorescein stain

89
Q

tx for a corneal foreign body

A

remove with sterile wet cotton tip or with 25G needle (if under lid, apply local and evert lid)
abx ointment- bacitracin-polymyxin/ erythromycin

90
Q

what is a risk factor of intraocular FB?

A

someone working with with metal

91
Q

when are circumstances when you would suspect intraocular FB?

A

no apparent FB but seems to be a wound
visual loss
media opacity

92
Q

management of intraocular FB

A

emergent referral to ophtho

93
Q

this eye condition is a corneal infection

A

keratitis

94
Q

what are the MC pathogens of bacterial keratitis?

A

staph, strep, pesudomonas (contact wearers), moraxella

95
Q

s/s of bacterial keratitis

A

purulent discharge
corneal opacity
red eye
photophobia
foreign body sensation
hypopyon

96
Q

what is a diagnostic sign of bacterial keratitis?

A

corneal opacity

97
Q

management of bacterial keratitis

A

emergent ophtho referral
scrape for sample to culture
topical abx- fluoroquinolones

98
Q

what is usually the cause of viral keratitis?

A

HSV

99
Q

s/s of viral keratitis

A

dendritic lesion
watery discharge
red eye
photophobia
foreign body sensation

100
Q

tx/ management of viral keratitis

A

usually self-limited
antivirals or topical corticosteroids may shorten duration
refer to ophtho

101
Q

what are key s/s of fungal keratitis

A

feathery edges
satellite lesions
hypopyon

102
Q

this eye condition is a degenerative and benign lesion that is usually bilateral and characterized by a yellow nodule on the medial side of the eyes

A

pinguecula

103
Q

Tx of pinguecula

A

no tx required
artificial tears
topical anti-inflammatories

104
Q

what are the s/s of pterygium?

A

fleshy triangular conjunctival tissue on medial side of eye
usually bilateral

105
Q

what are RFs for pterygium?

A

long term exposure to:
wind
sun
dust
sand

106
Q

tx of pterygium

A

artificial tears
topical NSAIDs
excision (if threatens vision, astigmatism, severe irritation)

107
Q

this eye condition is bilateral inflammation of lid margins

A

blepharitis

108
Q

this type of blepharitis involves the lid skin, eyelashes, and associated glands

A

anterior

109
Q

this type of blepharitis is inflammation of meibomian glands

A

posterior

110
Q

what is the MC cause of anterior blepharitis?

A

staph infection or seborrheic (oil gland) inflammation

111
Q

s/s of anterior blepharitis

A

crusting
scaling
erythema of lid margins
burning, itching, irritated eyelids

112
Q

tx of anterior blepharitis

A

eyelid hygiene (massage, baby shampoo)
warm compress
acute exacerbations- abx ointment (bacitracin or erythromycin)

113
Q

s/s of posterior blepharitis

A

hyperemic lid margins with telangiectasis (spider veins)
Inflamed meibomian glands and or orifices
lid margin rolled inward (entropion)
frothy tear film

114
Q

1st line tx of posterior belpharitis

A

meibomian gland expression and warm compress
(if conjunctiva and cornea inflamed, oral abx: tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, erythromycin and short term corticosteroids: prednisone; topical abx- ciprofloxacin)

115
Q

this eye condition is blockage or infection of zeis (sebaceous) or moll (sweat) glands

A

hordeolum

116
Q

what is the MC pathogen that causes hordeolum?

A

staph aureus

117
Q

s/s of hordeolum

A

localized red, swollen and tender area on eye lid

118
Q

sign of internal hordeolum

A

meibomian gland abscess that points onto conjunctival surface of lid

119
Q

sign of external hordeolum

A

smaller and on margin of lid
pain, swelling, erythema

120
Q

tx of hordeolum

A

warm compress
abx ointment- erythromycin or bacitracin
incision if doesn’t improve in 48 hours

121
Q

this eye condition is nontender granulomatous inflammation of the meibomian gland and may follow internal hordeolum

A

chalazion

122
Q

s/s of chalazion

A

hard, non tender swelling on upper or lower lid
painless, rubbery, nodular lesion
redness and swelling may be noted

123
Q

tx of chalazion

A

warm compress
2-3 weeks w/o improvement: incision and curettage and corticosteroid injection

124
Q

this eye condition is inward turning of the eyelid

A

entropion

125
Q

what may cause entropion?

A

loss of lid fascia
conjunctival scarring

126
Q

tx of entropion

A

monitor
surgery if lashes scratch cornea
botox

127
Q

this eye condition is outward turning of the lower eyelid

A

ectropion

128
Q

s/s of ectropion

A

excess tearing
dry eye (exposure keratitis)
cosmetic issues

129
Q

tx of ectropion

A

keep eye moist
surgery (if excessive tearing, exposure keratitis, or cosmetic issue)

130
Q

this eye condition is infection of the lacrimal sac and is usually unilateral

A

dacryocystitis

131
Q

what causes dacryocysitis?

A

congenital or acquired obstruction of nasolacrimal system

132
Q

what pathogens causes acute and chronic dacryocystitis?

A

acute- staph aureus
chronic- staph epidermidis

133
Q

what s/s differentiates acute from chronic dacryocystitis?

A

excessive tearing and discharge indicates chronic

134
Q

s/s of acute dacryocystitis include…

A

pain
swelling
tenderness
redness
purulent material may be expressed

135
Q

s/s of chronic dacryocystitis include…

A

tearing and discharge
mucus or pus expression

136
Q

tx of acute dacryocystitis

A

oral abx- amox-clav, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin

137
Q

tx of chronic dacryocystitis

A

systemic abx
only cure is dacryocystorhinostomy

138
Q

this eye condition is inflammation of the lacrimal gland

A

dacryoadenitis

139
Q

what are causes of acute dacryoadenitis

A

bacterial- staph aureus, strep, n. gonorrhea, chlamydia, brucella
viral- EBV, mumps, coxsakievirus, CMV, varicella

140
Q

s/s of acute dacryoadenitis

A

pain
swelling and redness of outer portion of upper lid
purulent drainage
fever
malaise

141
Q

diagnostic measure of acute dacryoadenitis

A

usually clinical, but can culture drainage

142
Q

tx of acute dacryoadenitis

A

oral cephalosporin (cephalexin)
if severe, IV nafcillin
if MRSA suspected, IV vancomycin

143
Q

causes of chronic dacryoadenitis

A

inflammatory disorders
neoplastic process

144
Q

s/s of chronic dacryoadenitis

A

may be bilateral
painless
soft tissue swelling in lateral upper lid

145
Q

Dx of chronic dacryoadenitis

A

lab workup for inflammatory etiology
biopsy

146
Q

tx of chronic dacryoadenitis

A

depends on cause

147
Q

this eye condition is a result of nasolacrimal duct obstruction or narrowing

A

dacryostenosis

148
Q

s/s of dacryostenosis

A

epiphora (excessive tearing)
eyelash matting
thick and yellowish tears
*lack of infectious symptoms

149
Q

dx of dacryostenosis

A

fluorescein application- will accumulate in eye instead of being cleared

150
Q

tx of dacryostenosis

A

supportive- gentle massage
if still present > 12 months, dilation of duct by ophtho

151
Q

this eye disorder leads to progressive vision loss and can be dry or wet

A

macular degeneration

152
Q

in this type of macular degeneration, cellular debris (drusen) accummulates between the retina and choroid and can lead to scarring and atrophy

A

dry

153
Q

tx of dry macular degeneration

A

pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol injection- inhibits complement pathway

154
Q

this type of macular degeneration is more severe and faster progressing and is due to neovascularization

A

wet macular degeneration

155
Q

tx of wet macular degeneration

A

VEGF inhibitor injection- ranibizumab

156
Q

which type of ARMD is rapid onset?

A

wet
(dry is more gradual and progressive)

157
Q

s/s of macular degeneration

A

blurred central vision
distortion of images
scotomas (dark spots)
declining visual acuity

158
Q

what are 3 diagnostic tests for macular degeneration?

A

snellen test- visual acuity
amsler grid- will look curvy
ophtho exam- dilate pupil, fluorescein angiography

159
Q

this eye disorder is separation of the neurosensory retina from the underlysing retinal endothelium

A

retinal detachment

160
Q

this type of retinal detachment is caused by entry of liquid vitreous into the subretinal space through a retinal break

A

primary

161
Q

this type of secondary retinal detachment is due to preretinal fibrosis (diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion)

A

tractional

162
Q

this type of secondary retinal detachment is due to accumulation of subretinal fluid (wet ARMD, choroidal tumor)

A

exudative

163
Q

s/s of retinal detachment

A

acute onset tunnel vision/ curtain like loss of peripheral vision
floaters
photopsias (flashes of light)

164
Q

what are the diagnostic/ exam findings of retinal detachment?

A

elevated retina with irregular surface
appears gray or cloud
MC area- superior temporal quadrant

165
Q

management of retinal detachment

A

refer to ophtho
head positioning where tear at lowest point
minimize eye movement

166
Q

what are the two types of diabetic retinopathy?

A

non-proliferative
proliferative

167
Q

what is the main difference between proliferative and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

proliferative- neovascularization
non-proliferative- microaneurysms, retinal hemorrhages, venous bleeding, retinal edema, hard exudates

168
Q

tx of diabetic retinopathy

A

*control blood glucose levels
VEGF inhibitor injections
laser photocoagulation

169
Q

this type of hypertensive retinopathy is due to sudden severely elevated BP

A

acute

170
Q

this type of hypertensive retinopathy is due to long standing HTN or atherosclerosis

A

chronic

171
Q

s/s of acute hypertensive retinopathy

A

cotton wool spots
dot blot flame hemorrhages
papilledema

172
Q

s/s of chronic hypertensive retinopathy

A

AV nicking
narrowing of arterioles
dot blot flame hemorrhages
copper/silver wiring
macular star- exudates

173
Q

tx of hypertensive retinopathy

A

tx HTN or underlying cause

174
Q

RFs for retinal artery occlusion

A

giant cell arteritis
internal carotid artery disease
emboli or thrombosis
DM, HTN, hyperlipidemia

175
Q

s/s of central retinal artery occlusion

A

sudden profound monocular vision loss
pale swelling
cherry red spot at fovea
box car segmentation
over time, pale optic disc

176
Q

s/s of branch retinal artery occlusion

A

unilateral sudden loss of discrete area in visual field
retinal swelling
cotton wool spots

177
Q

Tx of retinal artery occlusion

A

urgent referral to ER for imaging and stroke workup
lay pt flat, ocular massage, O2, IV acetazolamide, anterior chamber paracentesis

178
Q

if retinal artery occlusion is not due to giant cell arteritis, what would be added to the treatment?

A

thrombolytic agent

179
Q

if retinal artery occlusion is secondary to giant cell arteritis, what would be added to the treatment?

A

high dose systemic steroids

180
Q

what is Virchow’s triad for thrombogenesis

A

vessel damage
stasis
hypercoagulability

181
Q

s/s of retinal vein occlusion

A

sudden monocular vision loss with no pain or redness

182
Q

Dx of central retinal vein occlusion

A

widespread retinal hemorrhages
venous dilation and tortuosity
cotton-wool spots
optic disc swelling

183
Q

tx of retinal vein occlusion

A

macular edema- VEGF injection, steroid injection, laser
neovascularization- panretinal laser photocoagulation

184
Q

this is cellulitis of the eyelids and periocular tissues that is anterior to the orbital septum

A

periorbital cellulitis

185
Q

RFs of periorbital cellulitis

A

URI
eyelid issues (hordeolum, chalazion, trauma)
childhood

186
Q

periorbital cellulitis pathogens

A

staph aureus
staph epidermidis
strep
anaerobes

187
Q

s/s of periorbital cellulitis

A

*no changes in vision
URI symptoms
fever
redness and edema of eyelid
epiphora (excessive tearing)

188
Q

Dx of periorbital cellulitis

A

CT with contrast of orbitis and sinuses

189
Q

Tx of periorbital cellulitis

A

oral abx- amox-clav or cephalosporin
hot packs

190
Q

pathogens of orbital cellulitis

A

staph
strep
anaerobes

191
Q

causes of orbital cellulitis

A

spread of paranasal sinusitis
trauma
intraorbital FB
skin infection

192
Q

s/s of orbital cellulitis

A

gradual onset of URI symptoms
pain with eye movement
limited EOM
chemosis (inflamed conjunctiva)
proptosis
abnormal pupillary response
decreased visual acuity

193
Q

tx of orbital cellulitis

A

*IV nafcillin + metronidazole or clindamycin

trauma- add cephalosporin
MRSA- vancomycin or clindamycin
penicillin sensitivity- vancomycin, levofloxacin, or metronidazole

194
Q

this eye condition is full thickness disruption of sclera or cornea

A

globe rupture

195
Q

what are 2 rules of examination for globe rupture pts?

A

1- do not apply pressure (no lid retraction or tonometry)
2- do not apply any topical medications until directed by ophtho

196
Q

what are a few s/s of globe rupture?

A

eccentric/ teardrop pupil
extrusion of vitreous
external prolapse of uvea
tenting of cornea or sclera
low IOP
positive Seidel sign

197
Q

Tx of globe rupture

A

emergent consult
bandage and shield eye
HOB elevation
leave FBs
avoid moving eye
IV abx- vancomycin + ceftazidime

198
Q

this eye condition is blood or clots in the anterior chamber

A

hyphema

199
Q

s/s of hyphema

A

decreased acuity
eye pain with pupillar constriction to bright light
damage to adjacent structure
abnormal IOP

200
Q

tx of hyphema

A

prevent rebleed and intraocular HTN
elevate HOB
consult ophtho

201
Q

this eye condition is a painless rupture of blood vessels between the conjunctiva and sclera

A

subconjunctival hemorrhage

202
Q

s/s of orbital fx

A

bony tenderness
swelling
periocular ecchymosis
diplopia
decreased sensation in distribution of infraorbital nerve
orbital emphysema

203
Q

four bones commonly involved in orbital fractures

A

frontal
zygomatic
maxillary
sphenoid

204
Q

Tx of orbital fractures

A

address life threatening conditions
consult
prophylactic oral abx- cephalexin
oral corticosteroids if limited EOM

Clinical Medicine (8 decks)

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