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Stage 2: CMS > Eye Treatments > Flashcards

Eye Treatments Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

How do you treat corneal abrasion?

A
  • Stop contact lens wear

- Chloramphenicol - topical abx qds 1 week

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2
Q

What investigations do you do for orbital blowout fracture or metal intraocular FB?

A

X ray (CT if high index of suspicion)

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3
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness in the Western World?

A

Age related macular degeneration

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4
Q

How does dry ARMD present?

A

Gradual loss of central vision

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5
Q

How does wet ARMD present?

A

Acute loss of central vision

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6
Q

What is the key sign in dry AMD?

A

Drusen

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7
Q

What is the key sign in wet AMD?

A

Macular oedema and scarring

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8
Q

What is non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

Infarction of optic nerve head due to occlusion of short posterior ciliary arteries

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9
Q

How do you treat acute angle closure glaucoma to lower the IOP acutely?

A
  • Acetazolamide IV 500mg (systemic)

- Eye drops = timolol (beta blocker) and apraclonidine (cholinergic), pilocarpine

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10
Q

How do you definitively treat acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

Peripheral iridotomy - to create an alternative aqueous outflow passage

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11
Q

How do you treat conjunctivitis?

A
  • Viral = artificial tears, hygiene and limit contact
  • Allergic = antihistamine eye drops
  • Bacterial = chloramphenicol
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12
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for a corneal ulcer (keratitis) and how do you diagnose it?

A

Contact lens wear

Fluorescein stain

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13
Q

What bacteria can cause a corneal ulcer?

A

Pseudomonas, staph aureus

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14
Q

What virus causes corneal ulcer?

A

Herpes (simplex and zoster)

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15
Q

How do you treat a corneal ulcer?

A
  • Remove contact lenses
  • Empirical abx drops - chloramphenicol and orofloxacin (alternating)
  • Steroid drops
  • Depends on cause e.g. RA
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16
Q

How do you diagnose anterior uveitis?

A

Slit lamp - ‘cell and flare’ in anterior chamber

17
Q

How do you treat anterior uveitis?

A
  • Treat underlying aetiology
  • Prednisolone drops
  • Tropicamide/cyclopentolate (mydriatic/cycloplegic)
18
Q

What conditions is anterior uveitis associated with?

A
  • Ankylosing spondylitis
  • IBD
  • Herpes
  • Sarcoid
  • Arthritis
19
Q

What are risk factors for ARMD?

A
  • Age
  • Smoking
  • FH
20
Q

How do you diagnose ARMD?

A

Fluorescein angiography ± OTC scan

21
Q

How do you treat dry ARMD?

A

Nothing - lifestyle, monitoring

22
Q

How do you treat wet ARMD?

A

Regular intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (lifestyle, monitoring)

23
Q

What is the progressive of diabetic eye disease?

A

1) Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
2) Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
3) Maculopathy

24
Q

What are the sides of retinopathy on fundoscopy?

A
  • Microaneurysms (dots)
  • Haemorrhages (blots)
  • Cotton wool spots (infarcts)
  • Neovascularisation
25
Q

What are the signs of maculopathy?

A
  • Progressive central vision loss

- Macular oedema

26
Q

How do you diagnose diabetic retinopathy/maculopathy?

A

Fundus photo ± OTC scan, fluorescein angiography

27
Q

How often is diabetic eye disease screened for in diabetic patients?

A

Yearly (fundus photo)

28
Q

How is diabetic eye disease managed?

A
  • Lifestyle - RF modification

- Referral

29
Q

How do you treat maculopathy?

A

Laser photocoagulation

30
Q

How do you treat proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

Panretinal laser photocoagulation

31
Q

What can be used to treat macular oedema in maculopathy?

A

Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections

32
Q

What is the difference between episcleritis and scleritis?

A

Scleritis - v painful red, association with autoimmune disease (RA/SLE/IBD)
Episcleritis - not as bad, less red, less pain

33
Q

How does subconjunctival haemorrhage present and how do you treat it?

A
  • Diffusely red eye (between conjunctiva and sclera)
  • Painless
  • History of illness e.g. cough, vomit
  • Self resolves
34
Q

What is a key feature present in anterior uveitis?

A

Hypopyon, photophobia

35
Q

What are the key features of acute closed angle glaucoma?

A
  • Cloudy cornea
  • Peripheral vision loss - arcuate
  • Optic disc cupping
36
Q

What is an eye sign that is a contraindication for LP?

A

Bilateral papilloedema

Stage 2: CMS (10 decks)

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