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Hugh's MD2 Intersession 2 > Eye Review (core) > Flashcards

Eye Review (core) Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal IOP?

A

10-21mmHg

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1
Q

How does the cup to disc ration change in glaucoma?

A

It increases

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2
Q

Where does the optic nerve decussate in the brain to cause the consenual response?

A

Pretectal nucleus

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3
Q

What is the common cause of an altitudinal defect

A

Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

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4
Q

Which viral infection can effect the corneal reflex?

A

Herpes

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5
Q

What test do you use to evaluate macula function?

A

Amsler grid

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7
Q

What are leukocoria? What can it indicate?

A

White pupil

Retinablastoma, cataract, retinal detachment

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7
Q

What are some common causes of 4th nerve palsy?

A

Trauma

Tumour

Vasculitis

Can be congenital

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9
Q

How can you test the IOP?

A

Tono-pen

Glodmann Applanation tonometry

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10
Q

What causes an arcuate scotoma?

A

Glaucoma

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11
Q

What are three ways diabetic retinopathy causes vision loss

A

Macula oedema

Vitreous detachment

Retinal haemorrhage

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12
Q

What is the normal physiological cup to disc ratio?

A

0.5

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13
Q

What causes painfull third nerve palsy?

A

Aneurysm (Post comm art.)

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14
Q

What is the pathophysiology of retinal detachment?

A

Separation of the inner layers of the retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium due to a number of mechanisms

  • A tear in the neuronal layer allowing entry of vitreous fluid
  • Traction from inflammation or vascular fibrous membranes on the surface of the retina
  • Exudation of materials into the subretinal space such as due to HTN, central retinal artery occlusion, vasculitis, or papilloedema
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15
Q

How do you test light saturation?

A

Compare the appearance of light shined in each eye

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16
Q

Which muscle controls the pupils?

A

Sphincter pupillae

17
Q

Which nuclei are involved in the pupil reflex?

A

The pretectal nucleus

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus

18
Q

What is Agyll-Robertson pupil? What causes it?

A

A pupil that constricts to accomodation but not light

Classically neurosyphilis

Also diabetic neuropathy

19
Q

What does a Holmes Adie pupil look like?

A

Tonically dilated pupil that doesn’t response to light

20
Q

How does internuclear ophthalmoplegia present? What is the mechanism? In which disease is it common?

A

Failure of abduction of one eye when laterally gazing to its contralateral side and concurrent nystagmus of the other eye. Convergence is maintain

Lateral gaze is controlled by the nucleus of CNVI on the ipsilateral side that the gaze is toward. Its signal to the ipsilateral lateral rectus is normal therefore abduction is possible on that side. Abduction of the other eye requires signal transmission from the CNIV nuclei to the contralateral CNIII nuclei (and subsequent CNIII innervation of the medial rectus). The medial longitudinal fasciculus transmits between CNVI and CNIII. In INO the MLF is disrupted.

Convergence is retained as it doesn’t require the lateral rectus (and hence CNVI)

MS

21
Q

What is myopia? What do they have trouble with? What type of correction do they use?

A

Light is focus before the retina - Short sightedness

Deficit - Think short sighted meaning can seeing objects at a short distance therefore have trouble with seeing objects at distance eg road signs

Biconcave lens

22
Q

What hypermetropia? What do they have trouble with?

A

Light is focused beyond the retina - Long sightedness

Deficit: Long sighted meaning able to see things at a distance therefore trouble with focusing at close objects eg reading

Biconvex lens

23
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

The cornea has irregular degrees of curvature

24
Q

What is a presbyopia?

A

A form of hypermetropia due to loss of lens elasticity with age

25
Q

What is primary open angle glaucoma? How does it present? How is it Mx?

A

Chronic, progressive optic neuropathy with open anterior chamber angles, and elevated IOP

Progressive visual field loss, progressive increase in cup to disc ratio and elevated IOP

Prostaglandin, timolol eye drop

Oral acetazolamide

Surgery

26
Q

Outline the grading system of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

Mild - Microaneursyms

Moderate - Microaneursyms

  • Cotton wool spot
  • Hard exudates
  • Intra-retinal haemorrhages

Severe - any one feature of the 4-2-1 rule

  • Intra-retinal haemorrhages in 4 quadrants
  • Venous beading in 2 quadrants
  • Intra-retinal vascular abnormalities in 1 quadrant

Very severe - 2 features of the 4-2-1 rule

27
Q

Outline the types of proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

Low risk - neovascularisation in <1/3 of the disc

High risk - Neovascularisation of disc + vitreous haemorrhage

  • >1/3 of NVD
  • Neovascularisation everywhere
28
Q

How is proliferative diabetic retinopathy Mx?

A

Pan-retinal photocoagulation - peripheral vision sacrificed

VEGF inhibitors

29
Q

What is the pathophysiology of dry aged related macular degeneration? How is it Mx?

A

Degeneration of the retina and choroid in the posterior pole either due to atropy or detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium. Preceded by the presence of drusen desposition at the basal RPE

Smoking cessation

Low vision aids

30
Q

What is the pathophysiology of wet macular degeneration? How is it mx?

A

Proliferation of vasculature between the choroid and retinal pigment membrane which leaks and bleeds causing macular scarring

VEGF inhibitors

Photodynamic therapy

31
Q

Which causes of a CNIII palsy spare the pupil and which don’t?

A

Do - Vascular - HTN, DM

Don’t - Compressive - Mass lesion, aneurysm, haemorrhage

32
Q

What are some DDx for a CNVI palsy?

A

MG

Medial wall blow out fracture

Thyroid eye disease

33
Q

How does macular degeneration present on Hx and Ex?

A

Metamorphopsia

Central scotoma

Distortion on amsler grid

Hugh's MD2 Intersession 2 (14 decks)

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