Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Hugh's MD2 Intersession 2 > Approach to Visual Loss (core) > Flashcards

Approach to Visual Loss (core) Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscles elevate the eyelids?

A

Levator palprabrae superioris

Muller’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are some causes of cataracts?

A

Age-related

Drugs - steroids, amiodarone

Trauma

Systemic disease - DM

Occular diseases - uveitis, myopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common cause of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy?

A

Diabetic macular oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes vitreous haemorrhage?

A

Retinal detachment

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Trauma

Retinal tear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common cause of visual loss?

A

Refractory error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you perform a retinal massage?

A

Place pressure with finger on orbit firmly (until pain occurs) and release after 5-15s for 15mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can you treat raised IOP?

A

Acetazolamide

Prostaglandin

Osmotic - manittol

Lazer the iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a cause of acute loss of vision and pain?

A

Trauma

Acute glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s a cause of acute glaucoma?

A

Raised IOP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can you do in a case of central arterial occlusion?

A

Occular massage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which side of the visual field is the blind spot on?

A

Temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a scotoma?

A

A blind spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the central visual axis?

A

Line that transects the lens and meets the fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do cataracts present?

A

Progressive vision loss

Loss of colour acuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What pathological process causes wet macula degeneration?

A

New angiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is RBCs in the anterior chamber called?

A

Hyphema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the ICE-TEST for? What does it involve?

A

Myasthenia gravis

Ice the eye and look for improvement of ptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Keratoconus?

A

Progressive thinning, weakness, and protrusion of the cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

Swelling of the optic disc

20
Q

What are two causes of hyphema?

A

Trauma

Neovasculisation

21
Q

What is Fuch’s Endothelial Dystrophy?

A

Swelling of the corneal epithelium due to failure of fluid drainage

21
Q

What can cause diffuse intraretinal haemorrhage?

A

DM

Central retinal vein occlusion

22
Q

How do you treat wet macular degeneration?

A

VEGF inhibitors

23
Q

What causes central retinal vein occlusion?

A

Atherosclerosis

Inflammatory disease

Blood dyscrasias

Ophthalmic

25
Q

Do you get a RAPD with a central artery occlusion?

A

Yes

26
Q

What causes flash of light (photopsia)?

A

Retinal traction/detachment (transient)

Migraine (longer)

27
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

Injury to multiple structures in the eye

28
Q

What is the mechanism of diabetic macular oedema?

A

Oedema into the retina with lipids left behind

29
Q

What is light saturation?

A

The appearance of a constant source of light in one eye compared to the other

30
Q

What causes a cherry red spot?

A

Central retinal artery occlusion

31
Q

What must you always test when examining the eye?

A

Acuity

Pupils

Pressure

32
Q

What are some causes of ptosis?

A

Neurogenic cause - CNIII palsy, horners

Myogenic - MG, muscular dystrophy

Aponeurotic cause - involution

Mechanical - Orbit tumours, scarring, oedema

Pseudoptosis - Contralateral

Mitochondrial disease - Chronic Progressive external Ophthalmoplegia

33
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Horner’s? Why do you get a ptosis?

A

Loss of the sympathetic innervation to the eye

Because Muller’s muscle is controlled by the sympathetic system

34
Q

If the patient has transient blurring of vision plus watering, would should you think of?

A

Tear-film disruption

35
Q

What is the aetiology of trachoma?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

36
Q

What are the layers of the cornea?

A

Epithelium

Basement membrane

Stroma

Descemet’s Membrane

Endothelium

37
Q

How is acute closed angle glaucoma managed?

A

Reduced IOP

Acetazolamide

Beta blocker - timolol

Topical steroid

Peripheral Iridotomy once IOP is reduced

38
Q

Does vision in a patient with cataract improve with pinhole?

A

No

39
Q

Who gets lens dislocation? What is the pathophysiology?

A

People with connective tissue disorders eg Marfans

Usually pathology in the zonules

40
Q

How do vitreous haemorrhage present on Hx and Ex?

A

Hx of flashes of light and floaters in the affected eye

Acute, painless vision loss - amaurosis fugax

VA: <6/60, PEARL, Nil RAPD

41
Q

What is a weiss ring?

A

Sign of posterior vitreous detachment

42
Q

How would differentiate vitreous haemorrhage and central retinal artery occlusion as causes of painless vision loss?

A

RAPD will be present in the affected eye in central retinal artery occlusion

And signs on fundoscopy

  • Haemorrhage for the former
  • Cherry red spot for the latter
43
Q

What does a relative afferent pupil defect look like on exam? What does it reflect? Where is the pathology?

A

On the sling light test, when swinging to the affected eye both eyes will constrict less (or appear to dilate) cf to the unaffected eye.

It reflects a weakness the transmission of the afferent signal (in response to light) along CNII

The pathology is between the retina and the optic chiasm

44
Q

What are some causes of central retinal artery occlusion? Which must be ruled out urgently?

A

Atherosclerosis

Embolic source

Haematological conditions - hypercoagulable states

Inflammatory condition - GCA which must be ruled out!

45
Q

Compare the Hx, pathophysiology, and Mx of dry vs wet macula degeneration

A

Dry

  • Hx: Gradual central vision loss (yrs), Central scotoma
  • Path: Loss of retinal pigment epithelium/photoreceptors
  • Mx: Supportive, smoking cessation, vitamins

Wet

  • Hx: Rapid central vision loss (wk/months),Metamorphopsia, central scotoma
  • Path: Choroidal Neovascularization
  • Mx: Anti-VEGF intra-vitreal injections are Rx mainstays
46
Q

What do you look for on fundoscopy in diabetic retinopathy?

A
  • Micro-aneursyms
  • Venous beading
  • Intra-retinal vascular abnormalities
  • Neovascularisation
  • Vitreous haemorrhage
47
Q

What are some causes of unilateral vs bilateral optic disc swelling

A

Bilateral - any pathology that raises the ICP

Unilateral:

  • Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
  • Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION)
  • Inflammation - optic neuritis
  • Tumour compressing the orbital
  • Infection

Hugh's MD2 Intersession 2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions