EYE Exam day Flashcards
Clinical manifestations of cataracts
Cataracts: Opacity or cloudiness of the lebns
Clinical Manifestations:
- Painless, blurry vision
- Sensitivity to glare
- Reduced visual acuity (vision isn’t sharp)
Retinal Detachment:
What is it?
Manifestations?
Separation of the sensory retina and the RPE (retinal pigment epithelium)
Manifestations:
- Sensation of a shade or curtain coming across the vision of one eye
- Bright flashing lights
- Sudden onset of floaters
Administering eye drops
Glaucoma:
What is it?
Clinical manifestations
Ocular conditions in which damage to the optic nerve is related to increased intraocular pressure caused by congestion of the aqueous humor
“Water in the eye socket causes pressure buildup”
Manifestations:
- Peripheral vision loss, blurring, halos, difficulty focusing
- Aching, discomfort around eyes or headache
Levothyroxine:
Mechanism
Adverse Effects
Patient Education
Treat hypothyroidism; synthetic T4 converted to T3
Adverse:
What is the mechanism of action of Levothyroxine?
Synthetic T4, converted to T3 in the body to treat hypothyroidism.
What are the adverse effects of Levothyroxine?
Tachycardia, weight loss, heat intolerance, osteoporosis (long-term use).
What is important patient education for Levothyroxine?
Take on empty stomach in the morning, avoid calcium/iron within 4 hours.
What is the mechanism of action of Insulins?
Lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular glucose uptake.
What are the adverse effects of Insulins?
Hypoglycemia, weight gain, lipodystrophy.
What is important patient education for Insulins?
Rotate injection sites, monitor blood sugar, carry glucose source for lows.
What is the mechanism of action of Corticosteroids?
Suppress inflammation, mimic cortisol effects.
What are the adverse effects of Corticosteroids?
Hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, immune suppression, adrenal suppression.
What is important patient education for Corticosteroids?
Taper off gradually, take with food, monitor for infection.
What is the mechanism of action of Desmopressin?
Synthetic ADH, reduces urine output (used for diabetes insipidus).
What are the adverse effects of Desmopressin?
Water retention, hyponatremia (risk of seizures).
What is important patient education for Desmopressin?
Monitor fluid intake, report headache/confusion (signs of low sodium).
What is the mechanism of action of Calcitonin Salmon?
Inhibits bone resorption (used for osteoporosis, hypercalcemia).
What are the adverse effects of Calcitonin Salmon?
Nausea, hypocalcemia (tetany, numbness/tingling).
What is important patient education for Calcitonin Salmon?
Alternate nostrils if nasal spray, monitor for hypocalcemia.
What is the mechanism of action of Glimepiride (Sulfonylurea)?
Stimulates insulin release from pancreas.
What are the adverse effects of Glimepiride (Sulfonylurea)?
Hypoglycemia, weight gain.
What is important patient education for Glimepiride (Sulfonylurea)?
Take with food, avoid alcohol (disulfiram-like reaction).
What is the mechanism of action of Empagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor)?
Increases glucose excretion via urine.
